Sweeney Leach (willowcd09)

s and distinctive neuropathology in various clinical symptoms. . The goal of the study was to test the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and intra-spinal injection of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) both alone and combined on pain induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. SCI was induced by compression using an aneurysm clip. PBMT used a 660 nm laser starting at 30 minutes after SCI and then daily for 2 week, and at the end of 1-week ChABC was injected into the spinal cord. Allodynia (mechanical and cold), hyperalgesia (mechanical and thermal) and functional recovery were measured. Molecular levels of IL6, BDNF, GDNF and Gad65 were evaluated. . Both ChABC, PBMT and the combination reduced allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia and improved functional recovery, but did not reduce mechanical hyperalgesia. Pain-related factors (BDNF and IL6) were decreased and anti-nociceptive factors (Gad65 and GDNF) were increased. . Treatment of SCI by PBM is a non-invasive technique, and could be improved by ChABC injection to reduce neuropathic pain and improve movement. . Treatment of SCI by PBM is a non-invasive technique, and could be improved by ChABC injection to reduce neuropathic pain and improve movement.During a range expansion, deleterious mutations can "surf" on the colonization front. The resultant decrease in fitness is known as expansion load. An Allee effect is known to reduce the loss of genetic diversity of expanding populations, by changing the nature of the expansion from "pulled" to "pushed". We study the impact of an Allee effect on the formation of an expansion load with a new model, in which individuals have the genetic structure of a Muller's ratchet. A key feature of Muller's ratchet is that the population fatally accumulates deleterious mutations due to the stochastic loss of the fittest individuals, an event called a click of the ratchet. We observe fast clicks of the ratchet at the colonization front owing to small population size, followed by a slow fitness recovery due to migration of fit individuals from the bulk of the population, leading to a transient expansion load. For large population size, we are able to derive quantitative features of the expansion wave, such as the wave speed and the frequency of individuals carrying a given number of mutations. Using simulations, we show that the presence of an Allee effect reduces the rate at which clicks occur at the front, and thus reduces the expansion load.An inverse relationship between bone marrow (BM) adiposity and bone mass has been described in different physiological and pathological conditions, including osteoporosis (OP). In osteoporotic patients, lower bone mass density is indeed associated with higher BM fat content, suggesting a potential role for bone lipids in the OP pathogenesis. Nevertheless, some questions remain. Is that BM adiposity a cause or a consequence of the bone loss? What kinds of lipids are involved? Human data are somehow contradictories regarding bone lipid signature related to OP, and animal data are needed to support on one or another way the human observations. Bone lipid signature associated to OP needs to be clarified if we want to understand better their roles in OP. In that context, by using an ovariectomy-induced OP murine model and looking at lipids in two bone compartments BM and mineralized tissue (MT), our first challenge was to identify local lipid changes in relation to OP, in view to explore later the mechanisms by which those compounds could alter bone quality, particularly during the mineralization process. As the most striking data, long-term OP resulted in an accumulation of triglycerides, reduced levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, an increase of stearoyl-CoA desaturase indices and a reduction of sphingomyelin in the MT, and potential consequences on bone properties and cell activities are discussed. The reader will appreciate that we are at an earl