McClellan Ennis (waykayak30)

Among these new biomarkers we have to report sirtuins, microRNAs, ST2 protein, apolipoprotein E protein, adiponectin and others. These biomarkers are preferentially expressed locally in the target tissue of inflammation, but also released in peripheral blood and then used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Indeed, these biomarkers might also predict future adverse cardiovascular events and worse prognosis in patients with CVD. Furthermore, these new inflammatory biomarkers can also be analyzed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy in patients with CVD. Furthermore, this might open up new fields and interesting research concerning the link between inflammation and CVD. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND In pharmaceutical field, it is vital to ensure a consistent product containing a single solid-state form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the drug product. However, some APIs are suffering from the risk of transformation of their target forms during processing, formulation and storage. METHODS The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant category of excipients and demonstrate the availability and importance of using excipients as a key strategy to manipulate pharmaceutical polymorphic transformation. RESULTS The excipient effects on solvent-mediated phase transformations, solid-state transitions and amorphous crystallization are significant. Common pharmaceutical excipients including amino acids and derivatives, surfactants, and various polymers and their different manipulation effects were summarized and discussed. CONCLUSION Using appropriate excipients plays a role in manipulating polymorphic transformation process of corresponding APIs, with promising application of guaranteeing the stability and effectiveness of drug dosage forms. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) are responsible for substantial morbidity in patients who undergo digestive surgery. However, very little is known about the aspects of SSIs in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and identify the risk factors of SSI in patients who were treated in the Department of Digestive Surgery of Tenkodogo Hospital in Burkina Faso. We performed a prospective study from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. All patients who underwent digestive tract surgery during this period were included and followed. Patients whose post-operative surgical sites were complicated by infection were identified. Surgical site infection was diagnosed according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition. Bacteriologic sampling was performed in all included patients. Results A total 964 patients underwent surgery during the study period and were included in the study. Seven hundred thirty-seven were females (76.4%), and 227 were males. The mean age of the included patients was 47.5 years (standard deviation [SD] = 9 years). One hundred fourteen patients presented with SSI, the incidence of which was 11.8%. The incidence of SSI was substantially higher in females than in males (63.2 vs. 36.8%, p less then 0.05). The incidence was also higher in patients living below the poverty line (71.1 vs. 28.9%, p less then 0.05). Clinically, the incidence of SSI was higher in emergency surgery than in scheduled surgery (84.2 vs. 15.8%, p less then 0.05). Contaminated or dirty surgery was more risky than clean surgery (p less then 0.05). With respect to bacteria, the most commonly isolated microbes were Escherichia coli (66.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15%). Treatment mainly consisted of appropriate antibiotic therapy and local care. Three deaths were recorded for a mortality rate of 2.6%. Conclusions Surgical site infections are frequent in sub-Saharan environments. T