Duckworth Andresen (waiterhelium00)

The systemic administration of antibiotics in conjunction with mechanical biofilm disruption results in reduced numbers of subgingival periodontal pathogens and improved clinical outcomes. Penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, and nitroimidazoles were used in laboratory and clinical studies. The current literature was reviewed and studies investigating the effect of antibiotics on periodontal pathogens in biofilm models or in clinical trials were analyzed. While there is only a limited number of in vitro studies, numerous clinical studies reported microbiological outcomes. The combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole seems to provide superior antimicrobial effects when used in biofilm models or in clinical trials. In vitro studies using biofilm models showed that antibiotics alone have only limited effects on the bacterial load in biofilms but might be effective in reducing specific species. These results imply that mechanical biofilm disruption is indicated to allow antibiotics to be effectc therapy.Caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases have a high prevalence worldwide. Although improvements in oral health status in our patients have been shown, there is still an increased demand for preventive measurements - especially in view of the systemic influence of the chronic disease periodontitis. The main focus of such measurements lies on an optimal biofilm management which can be divided into professional biofilm management and home care measurements. Since home care mechanical measurements such as toothbrushing and interdental cleaning are often insufficient or not on a regular basis, they can be supported by antibacterial agents which are able to inhibit or kill any oral microorganisms that remain. Besides a proven effect on plaque bacteria and gingival inflammation, agents should have a high substantivity in the oral cavity that outlast the short rinsing period. This chapter aims to present the background and rationale of using antibacterial mouth rinses, their common agents, to show sensible indications, and to evaluate the scientific evidence of their additional effect over toothbrushing alone.Halitosis is a widespread condition presenting several social and psychological implications, leading to a reduction in the quality of life of an individual. Halitosis, per definition, defines an unpleasant smell of the exhaled air, independent of its etiology. It can have a long-term prevalence or be transient, making it difficult to establish this symptom's epidemiology. Oral malodor can be attributed to a high local concentration of intraoral microbial populations, particularly those of the tongue's biofilm, as well as the biofilms associated with teeth and periodontal tissue. Frequently, the treatment options rely on improving oral health via tongue cleaning, detecting periodontal diseases, insufficient dental restorations, alternating diets, and/or alleviating local factors. Different methods targeting specific bacteria species have been designed to improve this condition. The aim here is to underline the correlation between oral biofilms and halitosis, describing prime bacteria species influencing oral malodor and addressing new concepts to ameliorate this condition.Biofilm formation has become a significant problem in dental unit water lines (DUWLs). The formation of biofilms and microbial growth in DUWLs leads to an unacceptably high number of microorganisms in the water used for spraying, cooling, and ultrasonication procedures. These procedures form aerosols which can be inhaled by the patients, and consequently dentistry constitutes an area of specific concern for patient safety. In particular, older and immunocompromised patients are at risk of serious respiratory tract infections if the water contains pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas spp. In the EU it is recommended that the water in DUWLs should not exceed 200 colony-forming units (CFU) of heterotrophic bacteria (bacteria