Warner Bender (toothgender3)
3 Mt/year. We show that this leads to an overall vegetation decrease related mainly to the anthropogenic pressure then to climate and lithology. We anticipate that the solution must be comprehensive, participatory, strategic and innovative, led by education and scientific research (Citizen Science) and involving all actors equally. In its broad context, the only path to achieve the coordination and alignment of actions would be through a gradual change of perception and involvement based on a time-consuming culture of assimilation and acceptance rather than a culture of rapid reform. The assessment of landscape condition for large herbivores, also known as foodscapes, is fast gaining interest in conservation and landscape management programs worldwide. Although traditional approaches are now being replaced by satellite imagery, several technical issues still need to be addressed before full standardization of remote sensing methods for these purposes. We present a low-cost method, based on the use of a modified blue/green/near-infrared (BG-NIR) camera housed on a small-Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS), to create foodscapes for a generalist Mediterranean ungulate the Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in Northeast Spain. Faecal cuticle micro-histological analyses were used to assess the dietary preferences of ibexes and then individuals of the most common plant species (n = 19) were georeferenced to use as test samples. Because of the seasonal pattern in vegetation activity, based on the NDVI (Smooth term Month = 21.5, p-value less then .01, R2 = 43%, from a GAM), images were recorded in winter and spring to represent contrasting vegetation phenology using two flight heights above ground level (30 and 60 m). Additionally, the range of image pixel sizes was 3.5-30 cm with the smallest pixel size representing the highest resolution. Boosted Trees were used to classify plant taxa based on spectral reflectance and create a foodscape of the study area. The number of target species, the sampling season, the height of flight and the image resolution were analysed to determine the accuracy of mapping the foodscape. The highest classification error (70.66%) was present when classifying all plant species using a 30 cm pixel size from acquisitions at 30 m height. The lowest error (18.7%), however, was present when predicting plants preferred by ibexes, at 3.5 cm pixel size acquired at 60 m height. This methodology can help to successfully monitor food availability and seasonality and to identify individual species. The present research compared the capability of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica to accumulate and biomonitor the levels of six trace elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Epinephrine bitartrate concentration The concentrations of these elements were analyzed in seawater, bottom sediments, U. lactuca thalli and P. oceanica leaves, in four sites of Sicily (Italy) with different levels of pollution. The results showed that P. oceanica is able to accumulate greater concentrations of trace elements compared to U. lactuca. Both species, instead, acted equally as good bioindicators of marine pollution, showing significant correlations with the levels of trace elements in the surrounding environment. The use of P. oceanica and U. lactuca as bioindicators is still limited in biomonitoring programs, and should be further encouraged given the ever-increasing marine pollution. Diurnal atmospheric Δ14CO2 was measured on two consecutive days in summer and winter, 2016 at Shangdianzi, Lin'an and Luhuitou regional background sites, and at Waliguan global background site in China. The objectives of this study were to determine diurnal fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) and biological CO2 (CO2bio) concentrations and to ascertain the factors influencing them. Evident CO2ff inputs (0-33.0 ± 1.4 ppm) were found, with some small morning and afternoon rush hour signals. Particularly, the long-range transport of air
