Sweeney Porterfield (toastforest7)

Social animals can gain important benefits by inferring the goals behind the behavior of others. However, this ability has only been investigated in a handful of species outside of primates. In this study, we tested for the first time whether domestic horses can interpret human actions as goal directed. We used the classical "unwilling versus unable" paradigm an experimenter performed three similar actions that have the same outcome, but the goal of the experimenter differed. In the unwilling condition, the experimenter had no intention to give a piece of food to a horse and moved it out of reach when the horse tried to eat it. In the two unable conditions, the experimenter had the intention to give the food to the horse but was unable to do so, either because there was a physical barrier between them or because of the experimenter's clumsiness. The horses (n = 21) reacted differently in the three conditions they showed more interest in the unable conditions, especially in the unable clumsy condition, than in the unwilling condition. These results are similar to results found in primates with the same paradigm and suggest that horses might have taken the experimenter's goal, or even intentions, into account to adapt their behavior. Hence, our study offers more insights into horse interspecific social cognition towards humans.The CIC-DUX4 translocation is the most common genetic alteration of small round cell sarcomas without EWSR1 rearrangement. These "Ewing-like sarcomas" usually occur in peripheral soft tissues, and rare primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors have been described. We report a rare case of primary spinal intramedullary Ewing-like sarcoma harboring CIC-DUX4 translocation. A 23-year-old man presented with weakness in the extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large intramedullary tumor spanning C3-C5 with heterogeneous enhancement following gadolinium administration. Histologically, most of the tumor displayed dense myeloid proliferation composed of medium- to slightly small-sized primitive cells. Postoperatively, he received local adjuvant radiation therapy without tumor progression for 10 months. Target RNA sequencing analysis revealed the CIC-DUX4 fusion gene. Methylation array analysis resulted in a diagnosis of "methylation class CNS Ewing sarcoma family tumor with CIC alteration". Although this tumor lacked characteristic histological features such as lobular structures in association with desmoplastic stroma, relatively uniform nuclei with prominent nucleoli and eosinophilic cytoplasm, which are often found in CIC-rearranged sarcomas of soft tissue, were identified. Recently, many CNS and soft tissue tumors require genetic analysis for precise diagnosis. To consider certain molecular testing, careful histological examination is essential.Background We report a rare case of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in Carney's triad, successfully treated using laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph node dissection after chemotherapy. Case presentation A 21-year-old woman presented to our hospital for treatment of recurrent GISTs. The patient had been admitted for treatment 11 years prior, with black stools being the chief presenting complaint at that time. On examination at that time, multiple submucosal tumors in the pyloric antrum and multiple pulmonary tumors had been observed. She underwent open partial gastrectomy, and the diagnosis of GISTs was confirmed. She was administered tyrosine kinase inhibitors to treat lung metastases from 2 months after surgery. Due to the increasing size of the lung tumors, a right upper lobectomy was performed 9 years after the index gastric surgery. Histopathological examination of the lung specimen, in combination with re-examination of the gastric specimens, was indicative of incomplete-type Carney's triad. Eleven years after the index gastric surgery, multiple GISTs were observed in her entire stomach. Tumor biopsy revealed a succinate dehydrogenase defi