Gupta Copeland (soundthing20)

The countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have the greatest potential for renewable energy consumption in the world and is likely to be the most vulnerable to the horrendous effects of climate change. Unfortunately, only a few of the countries have tapped into this potential, as non-renewable energy still dominates the total energy mix of these countries. This study explores the effect of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on the environment in MENA countries from 1990 to 2016 by applying the Augmented Mean Group algorithm while accounting for urbanization, financial development, and economic growth. The panel result suggests that financial development, economic growth, and urbanization add to environmental degradation. Also, findings reveal that renewable energy does not contribute meaningfully to environmental quality, while non-renewable energy consumption significantly adds to environmental degradation. A uni-directional causality flows from urbanization, economic growth, and energy use to environmental degradation. One way to abate this damage is for countries in this region to embrace and promote the consumption of clean energy sources.This study investigates the relationships among emissions efficiency (Em), the emissions technology gap ratio (TGm), and room for improvement in emissions intensity (RIm), and creates target-consideration environmental Kuznets curves (TC-EKC) which are then examined and compared for countries in the European Union (EU) that are divided into those countries in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) and those in the non-Baltic Sea region (NBSR). The research results indicate that the BSR countries exhibit an inverted-U-shaped TC-EKC, but the NBSR countries do not, implying that CO2 emissions in the latter region do not achieve the target. The small TGm and the large RIm for the BSR countries indicate that this region has a low Em and is at the preliminary stage of emissions technology development.The characterization of saccharidic compounds in atmospheric aerosols is important in order to retrieve information about organic carbon sources and their transport pathways through the atmosphere. In this study, composition and sources of saccharides in PM10 were determined in a South Asian megacity (Faisalabad) during the year 2015 - 2016. PM10 sampled on quartz filters was analyzed by anion exchange chromatography for the selected saccharidic compounds. The average PM10 concentration was found to be 744 ± 392 μg m-3, exceeding the daily limits proposed by Pak-EPA (150 μg m-3), US-EPA (150 μg m-3), and WHO (50 μg m-3). The average total saccharidic concentration was found to be 2820 ± 2247 ng m-3. Telratolimod Among the different saccharidic categories, anhydrosugars were the most abundant in concentration followed by primary sugars and sugar alcohols. The correlation and principal component analysis indicated emissions from biomass combustion, soil suspensions from areas such as farmlands having high microorganism activity, and biogenic emissions such as airborne fungal spores and vegetation detritus as major sources of saccharides in the aerosol samples.In this experimental study, seeds of wild tree species namely Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, Albizia lebbeck, and Leucaena leucocephala were explored as potential feedstocks for anaerobic digestion and compared with cattle manure which is a commonly used feedstock. These seeds occur abundantly as waste biomass in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa, and the USA. An experimental investigation was carried out in large 300-L anaerobic digesters under semi-continuous feed mode for 90 days. The average specific methane production yield observed was 0.208 Nm3/kg volatile solids (VS) for A. nilotica, 0.227 Nm3/kg VS for P. juliflora, 0.219 Nm3/kg VS for A. lebbeck and 0.210 Nm3/kg VS for L. leucocephala which was found to