Mcneil Sahin (shrimpbanana77)

icult, so strict control of the general condition should be performed. Current approaches in surgical skills assessment employ virtual reality simulators, motion sensors, and task-specific checklists. Although accurate, these methods may be complex in the interpretation of the generated measures of performance. The aim of this study is to propose an alternative methodology for skills assessment and classification, based on video annotation of laparoscopic tasks. Two groups of 32 trainees (students and residents) performed two laparoscopic tasks peg transfer (PT) and knot tying (KT). Each task was annotated via a video analysis software based on a vocabulary of eight surgical gestures (surgemes) that denote the elementary gestures required to perform a task. The extracted metrics included duration/counts of each surgeme, penalty events, and counts of sequential surgemes (transitions). Our analysis focused on trainees' skill level comparison and classification using a nearest neighbor approach. The classification was assessed via accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. For PT, almost all metrics showed significant performance difference between the two groups ( < 0.001). Residents were able to complete the task with fewer, shorter surgemes and fewer penalty events. Moreover, residents performed significantly fewer transitions ( < 0.05). For KT, residents performed two surgemes in significantly shorter time ( < 0.05). The metrics derived from the video annotations were also able to recognize the trainees' skill level with 0.71 - 0.86 accuracy, 0.80 - 1.00 sensitivity, and 0.60 - 0.80 specificity. The proposed technique provides a tool for skills assessment and experience classification of surgical trainees, as well as an intuitive way for describing what and how surgemes are performed. The proposed technique provides a tool for skills assessment and experience classification of surgical trainees, as well as an intuitive way for describing what and how surgemes are performed.The Covid-19 pandemic has intensified the debate among optimists, pessimists, and centrists about whether the world economic order is undergoing a fundamental change. While optimists foresee the continuation of economic globalization after the pandemic, pessimists expect localization instead of globalization, given the pandemic's structural negative consequence on the world economy. By contrast, the centrists anticipate a "U-shaped" recovery, where Covid-19 will not kill globalization but slow it down. The three existing perspectives on Covid-19's impact on the economic globalization are not without merit, but they do not take sufficient temporal distance from the ongoing issue. This article suggests employing the historical perspective to expand the time frame by examining the rise and fall of economic globalization before and after the 2008 global financial crisis. The authors argue that economic globalization has been in transition since the 2008 financial crisis, and one important but not exclusive factor to explain this change is the evolving US-China economic relationship, from symbiotic towards increasingly competitive. The economic restructuring in US and China has begun after both countries weathered the 2008 crisis and gained momentum since the outbreak of trade war and Covid-19. The article investigates this trend by distinguishing different types of production activities, and the empirical results confirm that localization and regionalization have been filling the vacuum of economic globalization in retreat in the last decade.Biological control is one of the recommended methods for aflatoxin mitigation. Biocontrol products must be developed, and their efficacy demonstrated before widespread use. Efficacy of two aflatoxin biocontrol products, Aflasafe GH01 and Aflasafe GH02, were evaluated in 800 maize and groundnut farmers' fields during 2015 and 2016 in the Ashanti, Bro