Sinclair Oliver (sharonpickle29)
Patients had grey matter volume increases in the temporal and limbic lobes and decrease in the superior temporal gyrus. The corresponding structural and functional alterations emphasize the relevance of the visual association cortex for visual snow syndrome. The broad structural and functional footprint, however, confirms the clinical impression that the disorder extends beyond the visual system. © The Author(s) (2020). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bristol rock cress is among the few plant species on the British Isles considered to have Mediterranean-montane element. Spatiotemporal patterns of colonization of the British Isles since the last interglacial and after Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from mainland Europe are underexplored and have not yet included such floristic elements. Herewith we shed light on the evolutionary history of a relic and outpost metapopulation of Bristol rock cress in the southwestern United Kingdom. METHODS Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to identify distinct genepools. Plastome assembly and respective phylogenetic analysis revealed the temporal context. Herbarium material was largely used to exemplify the value of collections to obtain a representative sampling covering the entire distribution range. KEY RESULTS AFLPs recognized two distinct genepools with the Iberian Peninsula as the primary centre of genetic diversity and the origin of lineages expanding before and after LGM towards mountain areas in France and Switzerland. No present day lineages are older than 51 ky, which is in sharp contrast to the species stem group age of nearly 2 My, indicating severe extinction and bottlenecks throughout the Pleistocene. The British Isles were colonized after the LGM and feature a high genetic diversity. CONCLUSIONS The short lived perennial herb Arabis scabra, which is restricted to limestone, has expanded its distribution range after LGM following corridors within an open landscape and may have reached the British Isles via the desiccated Celtic Sea at about 16 kya. This study may shed light on the origin of other rare and peculiar species co-occurring in limestone regions in the southwestern British Isles. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patient-reported outcome measures are increasingly important in daily care and research in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study provides an overview of the content and content validity of IBD-specific patient-reported outcome measures on three selected constructs. METHODS Databases were searched up to May 2019 for development and/or content validity studies on IBD-specific self-report measures on health-related quality of life, disability and self-report disease activity in adults. Evidence was synthesized on content validity in three aspects relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility following the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments methodology. Questionnaire items were organized in themes to provide an overview of important aspects of these constructs. RESULTS For 14/44 instruments, 25 content validity studies were identified and 25/44 measures had sufficient content validity, the strongest evidence being of moderate quality, though most evidence is of low or very low quality. The Crohn's Life Impact Questionnaire and IBD questionnaire-32 on quality of life, the IBD-Control on disease activity and the IBD Disability Index Self-Report and its 8-item version on disability, have the strongest evidence for sufficient relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility, ranging from moderate to very low evidence. A fair number of recurring items themes, possibly important for the selected constructs was identified. CONCLUSIONS The body of evidence for content v
