Underwood Perry (sandrasmoke31)

Human milk contains a wide range of immunomodulatory factors, including immunoglobulins, human milk oligosaccharides, cytokines, microbiome, innate factors and food antigens. Maternal diet can influence the content of human milk as it is well-established that dietary antigens can be secreted in human milk after maternal consumption, but whether these dietary antigens promote tolerance or sensitization in the infant is a subject of debate. This review summarizes the current literature on these immunologically active factors in human milk, including the microbiome, innate factors, and maternal diet-derived dietary antigens in the context of development of allergic diseases, with the focus on food allergy.The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic platform for exchange of substances between the blood and the brain parenchyma, and it is an essential functional gatekeeper for the central nervous system (CNS). While it is widely recognized that BBB disruption is a hallmark of several neurovascular pathologies, an aspect of the BBB that has received somewhat less attention is the dynamic modulation of BBB tightness to maintain brain homeostasis in response to extrinsic environmental factors and physiological changes. In this review, we summarize how BBB integrity adjusts in critical stages along the life span, as well as how BBB permeability can be altered by common stressors derived from nutritional habits, environmental factors and psychological stress.The path from gene discovery to therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been a highly challenging endeavor, but also led to one of the most successful stories in neurogenetics. In SMA, a neuromuscular disorder with an often fatal outcome until recently, with those affected never able to sit, stand, or walk, children now achieve these motoric abilities and almost age-based development when treated presymptomatically. This review summarizes the challenges along this 30-year journey. It is also meant to inspire early-career scientists not to give up when things become difficult but to try to uncover the biological underpinnings and transform the challenge into the next big discovery. Without doubt, the improvements seen with the three therapeutic strategies in SMA are impressive; many open questions remain and are discussed in this review.Since the discovery of the first antipsychotic in 1952, many antipsychotic drugs have been developed, each with different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The pharmacological heterogeneity of antipsychotic drugs should allow a personalized drug prescription adapted to the different clinical picture of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic disease, during which 3 stages of pharmacological intervention can be identified the first episode psychotic (FEP), the phase of therapeutic stabilization that can progress to situations of resistance, and the question of long-term prescription. During FEP, the choice of the first antipsychotic treatment seems to be underpinned by its safety profile in relation to the patient for whom it is prescribed, according to the adage start low and go-slow. The therapeutic stabilization phase is based on treatment optimization through a rigorous evaluation of the benefits-harm balance, with the use of tools such as personalized therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacogenetics. Lenalidomide Generally speaking, while some antipsychotic drugs seem to present a more favorable efficacy profile in certain situations, the differences are small, whereas the differences in safety are more important and should be considered in the first line. Individual factors such as the presence of co-morbidities, as well as previously experienced treatments must also be taken into account. Finally, the question of maintaining the prescription of antipsychotic drugs over the long term arises in view of the iatrogenic risk with controversial current data. Overall, the personalized prescription of antipsychotic drugs in schiz