Outzen Covington (pyjamaleg75)

had a higher premature death probability and a slower rate of decline. More intervention and health management of premature male death on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes should be conducted to improve life expectancy further.Objective To assess the relationship between smoking status and sleep duration in male adults in urban-rural areas of 15 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in China in 2015. Methods Data were derived from the China Nutritional Transition Cohort Study 2015, a total of 4 419 participants aged 18-64 years, including 1 713 urban males (38.8%) and 2 706 rural males (61.2%), with complete information about smoking status and sleep duration were included in the final analysis. Based on the number of cigarettes consumed daily, the current smokers were classified to be heavy (25 cigarettes/d and above), moderate (15-24 cigarettes/d), and light (1-14 cigarettes/d). Sleep duration was classified to be insufficient ( less then 7 h/d), sufficient (7-9 h/d), and excessive (9 h/d and above). Two-level mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used for association analysis. Results The smoking rates in male adults in urban and rural areas were 45.7% and 53.8%, respectively. In male heavy smokers in urban and rural areas, the proportions of sufficient sleep were the lowest (66.7% and 68.1%). However, the proportions of sleep deprivation were highest (15.3% and 20.3%). After controlling for confounding factors, the net effect on male heavy smokers was a significant decrease of 0.21 h/d (β=-0.21, 95%CI -0.44 - -0.01) in sleep duration. Moreover, the odds ratio for insufficient sleep were 1.83 (95%CI 1.03-3.23) in male heavy smokers in rural area compared with nonsmokers. Conclusion Heavy smoking is associated with decreased sleep duration and increased risk of sleep deprivation in male adults in rural China.Objective To understand the current status of HIV self-testing reagent use in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods From December 2018 to December 2019, "Gold data" online platform () was used to conduct multicenter PrEP studies in Shenyang, Beijing, Chongqing and Shenzhen of China. Results A total of 1 222 MSM PrEP users were included in the multicenter study. The average age of the participants was (31.5±8.7) years, and the number of sexual partners in the past three months was 3 (P25,P752,6). The proportions of those who did not use condoms in anal sex with fixed, casual and commercial partners were 62.7% (456/727), 56.3% (440/781) and 41.0% (16/39), respectively. Up to 74.5% (910/1 222) of participants had used HIV self-testing reagents, and the number of HIV self-testing during last year was 3 (P25,P752,5). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that compared with age group >40 years, those with education level of junior high school or below, those with psychological identity as female, event driven PrEP users, those never using new type drugs in past 3 months, the participants aged 18- years (aOR=2.06, 95%CI 1.35-3.14), 26- years (aOR=2.72, 95%CI 1.77-4.17), 31- years (aOR=1.76, 95%CI 1.19-2.59), undergraduates (aOR=2.18, 95%CI 1.35-3.49), graduate students and above (aOR=3.06, 95%CI 1.69-5.54), those with psychological identity as male (aOR=3.22, 95%CI 1.55-6.70), daily PrEP users (aOR=1.35, 95%CI 1.03-1.78), and new type drug users in the past three months (aOR=1.72, 95%CI 1.30-2.28) had higher proportions of HIV self-testing behaviors. Conclusions The proportion of HIV self-testing in MSM PrEP users was high, while it was relatively low in older age group, event driven PrEP users and MSM never using new type drugs. To assess and improve the effectiveness and compliance of PrEPs, it is necessary to provide better HIV self-testing service for MSM with low HIV self-testing rate.Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of HIV/syphilis joint self-testing in promoting syphil