Andrews McGrath (pocketjuice44)

5%) agrees well with that noted in previous studies, and duration of illness proved to be the most powerful determining factor leading to that. A keen awareness of unrecognized underlying CNS or metabolic disease is important when psychosis appears in patients with nonlesional late-onset epilepsy, which should lead to an in-depth investigation of possible underlying and still uncovered CNS disease. The prevalence for a history of psychosis in the present cohort (2.5%) agrees well with that noted in previous studies, and duration of illness proved to be the most powerful determining factor leading to that. A keen awareness of unrecognized underlying CNS or metabolic disease is important when psychosis appears in patients with nonlesional late-onset epilepsy, which should lead to an in-depth investigation of possible underlying and still uncovered CNS disease. Clinical identification of neonatal seizures (NS) remains challenging. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Neonatal Seizures has proposed a new classification of NS, based on the 2017 ILAE seizure classification. One of the key points of this proposed NS classification is that seizure types should be determined by the "predominant" clinical feature. However, when the definition of "predominant" is uncertain, interobserver variability may arise. We asked 49 health professionals to classify 21 NS video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings using the proposed 9 seizure types. The degree of agreement among participants was low, and agreement was weak among experts in neonatal neurology. Among experts, the rate of agreement was <50% for 2 NS. This disagreement was related to differences in the interpretation of "predominant features." Although interobserver variability was present among users of the new NS classification, the reproducibility of the NS classification was satisfactory. Education designed to foster consistent application of the standards for NS will be important for reducing interobserver variability and expanding the use of the new NS classification. Education designed to foster consistent application of the standards for NS will be important for reducing interobserver variability and expanding the use of the new NS classification.Psychosis of epilepsy (POE) can be a devastating condition, and its neurobiological basis remains unclear. In a previous study, we identified reduced posterior hippocampal volumes in patients with POE. The hippocampus can be further subdivided into anatomically and functionally distinct subfields that, along with the hippocampal fissure, have been shown to be selectively affected in other psychotic disorders and are not captured by gross measures of hippocampal volume. Therefore, in this study, we compared the volume of selected hippocampal subfields and the hippocampal fissure in 31 patients with POE with 31 patients with epilepsy without psychosis. Cortical reconstruction, volumetric segmentation, and calculation of hippocampal subfields and the hippocampal fissure were performed using FreeSurfer. The group with POE had larger hippocampal fissures bilaterally compared with controls with epilepsy, which was significant on the right. There were no significant differences in the volumes of the hippocampal subfields between the two groups. Our findings suggest abnormal development of the hippocampus in POE. They support and expand the neurodevelopmental model of psychosis, which holds that early life stressors lead to abnormal neurodevelopmental processes, which underpin the onset of psychosis in later life. In line with this model, the findings of the present study suggest that enlarged hippocampal fissures may be a biomarker of abnormal neurodevelopment and risk for psychosis in patients with epilepsy. Developmental epilepsies and encephalopathies (DEEs) are characterized by many severe developmental impairments, which are not well-described. A fun