Frandsen Copeland (playpail7)

This demonstrates that the cross-modal effects observed by the two methods were different. In terms of the methods applied, relative to reference scaling was generally found to result in a decrease in the measured sweetness enhancement by aromas. In the descriptive analysis, the cross-modal effect of aromas on sweet taste perception were found to be significantly higher at 2.5 and 5.0 % compared to 7.5 % w/w sucrose. These results highlight the importance of considering how references are employed in sensory analysis, and how they affect cross-modal interactions. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Because it describes the proportion of disease cases that could be prevented if an exposure were entirely eliminated from a target population as a result of an intervention, estimation of the population attributable risk (PAR) has become an important goal of public health research. In epidemiologic studies, categorical covariates are often misclassified. We present methods for obtaining point and interval estimates of the PAR and the partial PAR (pPAR) in the presence of misclassification, filling an important existing gap in public health evaluation methods. We use a likelihood-based approach to estimate parameters in the models for the disease and for the misclassification process, under main study/internal validation study and main study/external validation study designs, and various plausible assumptions about transportability. We assessed the finite sample perf ormance of this method via a simulation study, and used it to obtain corrected point and interval estimates of the pPAR for high red meat intake and alcohol intake in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the HPFS, where we found that the estimated pPAR for the two risk factors increased by up to 317% after correcting for bias due to misclassification. © The Author 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.We first described the 2019 novel coronavirus infection in 10 children occurring in areas other than Wuhan. The coronavirus diseases in children are usually mild and epidemiological exposure is a key clue to recognize pediatric case. Prolonged virus shedding is observed in respiratory tract and feces at the convalescent stage. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.INTRODUCTION Sun exposure increases skin cancer risk. Studies have shown that demographic factors influence sun safety behaviour but there is a paucity of such data in Singapore. We aimed to identify sociodemographic predictors of sun safety habits in Singapore. IGF-1R inhibitor MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2328 adults participated in a cross-sectional survey on time spent under the sun and sun safety habits (using protective headgear, body attire, umbrellas and sunscreens). A composite Sun Protection Score (higher scores represented better habits [range, 0-15]) and the average daily hours (ADH) of sun exposure were derived from the data. The relationship between the Sun Protection Score and ADH of sun exposure with sociodemographic factors was analysed using univariate (Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests), multiple linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The following statistically significant variables predicted a lower Sun Protection Score men (β = -1.48, P less then 0.001), Indians (β = -1.04, P less then 0.001), history of diabetes (β = -0.60, P = 0.007) and people who do not consume alcohol (β = 0.31, P = 0.03). Younger adults (β = -0.2, P less then 0.001), men (β = 0.80, P less then 0.001), darker skin type (β = 0.27, P less then 0.001) and lower education level (β = -0.18, P less then 0.001) were statistically significant variables that predicted a lo