Fulton Peters (periodspace9)

The aim of this study was to obtain flavor molecules from goat by-product hydrolysates, emphasizing the thermal action during processing. A mixture of by-products submitted or not to the inactivation of endogenous enzymes was used, followed by hydrolysis with the proteolytic enzyme Alcalase® (Bacillus licheniformis), and autoclaving after hydrolysis. The production of hydrolysates provided both quantitative and qualitative data on the precursors involved in the aromatic formation of protein hydrolysates. The inactivation process of endogenous enzymes resulted in hydrolysates with a higher degree of hydrolysis and greater protein content. The autoclaving process produced a significant increase in the concentration of free amino acids and maltose and a reduction in the glucose content. Application of the two heat treatments resulted in the production of goat by-product protein hydrolysates with different volatile profiles. The goat by-product protein hydrolysate without heat treatment but with autoclaving (HCA), showing a higher concentration of flavor precursors and the formation of heterocyclic volatiles, is expected to impact the aroma quality of goat hydrolysates.We report the epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of an outbreak of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis (order Onygenales) in captive African bush vipers (Atheris squamigera) (ABVs) that died suddenly. The snakes had multifocal, raised, white-grey to dark brown discoloured cutaneous patches. Microscopically, all had integumentary lesions characterized by multifocal to coalescent necroheterophilic epidermitis with superficial and intraepidermal fungal elements and bacteria. Concurrent epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and intracellular and intercellular oedema, often leading to vesiculation, and fasciitis/superficial myositis, were consistent findings in all snakes, while ulceration (9/11) and dysecdysis (5/11) varied. A panfungal polymerase chain reaction targeting the internal transcribed spacer-2 region, and gene sequencing, confirmed P. australasiensis infection in three cases. check details This is the first report of P. australasiensis in the USA and the first record of paranannizziopsis infection in African bush vipers. P. australasiensis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dermatomycosis in snakes and represents a potential threat to reptile conservation programmes.Lesions caused by trombiculid mite larvae ('chiggers') in birds have been inadequately described. A juvenile red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) presented with multifocal, crater-like lesions of necrotizing dermatitis, which often contained multiple orange mites. Microscopically, there was a nodular necrotizing and pyogranulomatous dermatitis with occasional intralesional arthropods. Histologically, the mites were readily identified by the presence of stylostomes within the necrotic areas. Morphological and morphometrical studies on isolated mites identified them as Neoschoengastia (Hypogastia) simonovichi. This is the first report of N. simonovichi as an aetiological agent of severe trombiculosis in wild birds in Western Europe. Infestation with this parasite requires further study to understand its role in animal and human trombiculosis and its potential role as a vector of infectious, including zoonotic, agents.It is now increasingly recognized that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is caused by the accumulation of overproduced or misfolded proteins in this organelle, contributes to the pathogenesis of a diverse range of human diseases. ER stress initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in an attempt to restore cellular protein homeostasis and promote cell survival. However, when ER stress is severe or protracted, and uncompensated, the UPR can fail, resulting in cell death, often by apoptosis. ER stress has received relatively little attention in the veterinary literature and the intent of this mini review is to describe the essential featur