Fischer Norup (mitteniraq38)

Chitin was isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell by demineralization and deproteinization using 1 M HCl (120, w/v) for 2 hr and 1 M NaOH (130 w/v) for 80 min at 70ºC, respectively, with 29.96% optimum yield. Thereafter, the chitin was deacetylated at various temperatures for different times, in which the chitosan prepared at 130ºC for 4 hr (CS-130-4) showed higher yield (73.11%), crystallinity index (19.75%), and 85.28% degree of deacetylation (DDA) as measured by 1 H-NMR. CS-130-4 was then conjugated to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) at various concentrations (2-8%, w/w of chitosan). CS-130-4 was grafted with 8% EGCG (CE-8) had the higher conjugation efficiency (92.63%) and antimicrobial/antioxidant activities as compared to other conjugates (p less then .05). 1 H-NMR analysis also confirmed the successful conjugation of CE-8. All the conjugates were completely water soluble. Therefore, CE-8 may be used as the natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in various food products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Shrimp shells are generally considered as processing by-products of the shellfish industries and can cause environmental pollution when improperly disposed. Chitosan from shrimp shells has been widely produced but it is soluble mainly in acidic solutions, which limits its applications. However, grafting of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) onto chitosan yielded water-soluble conjugates with enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Although several preservatives have been applied in foods, their health hazards have been a major concern. To mitigate this limitation, chitosan-EGCG conjugates could be employed as alternative natural preservatives or additives for shelf-life extension of various foods.This study aimed to examine the longitudinal associations of maternal body mass index (BMI), weight status in childhood and late adulthood and device-measured total physical activity (TPA) in older age. The study involves 552 participants from Helsinki Birth Cohort Study who were born in Helsinki, Finland, in 1934-1944. TPA was measured with a multisensory body monitor at a mean age of 70 years and expressed in metabolic equivalent of task hours/day (METh/d). Childhood overweight (BMI > 85th percentile) was based on school health records at 6-7 years of age, and late adulthood overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ) was based on clinical measurements at the mean age of 61 years. Childhood overweight was associated with lower TPA, particularly in older women (mean difference -3.2 METh/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.6 - -1.9), and late adulthood overweight was associated with lower TPA both in older women (mean difference -6.2, 95% CI (-7.2 - -5.1) and in older men (mean difference -2.6 METh/d, 95% CI -3.7 - -1.5). TPA in older age was highest in participants who were normal weight both in childhood and adulthood and lowest in participants who were overweight in childhood and adulthood. In participants with childhood overweight, TPA was lower in participants who were overweight both in childhood and adulthood compared to those who were overweight only in childhood. There was a U-shaped distribution of TPA according to maternal BMI in older women (P = .002), but not in older men. In conclusion, reaching normal weight after childhood predicted higher physical activity levels in older age.Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is an apicobasal (AB) polarity-based regulatory mechanism of proliferation/differentiation in epithelial stem/progenitor cells. We previously documented INM in the endoderm-derived tracheal/esophageal epithelia at embryonic day (E) 11.5 and suggested that INM is involved in the development of both organs. We here investigated interorgan (trachea vs esophagus) and intraorgan regional (ventral vs dorsal) differences in the INM mode in the tracheal and esophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo. We also analyzed convergent extension (CE) and planar cell movement (PCM) in the epithelia based o