Clarke Heller (milecap9)

Zeolite crystallization predominantly occurs by nonclassical pathways involving the attachment of complex (alumino)silicate precursors to crystal surfaces, yet recurrent images of fully crystalline materials with layered surfaces are evidence of classical growth by molecule attachment. Here we use in situ atomic force microscopy to monitor three distinct mechanisms of two-dimensional (2D) growth of zeolite A where we show that layer nucleation from surface defects is the most common pathway. Direct observation of defects was made possible by the identification of conditions promoting layered growth, which correlates to the use of sodium as an inorganic structure-directing agent, whereas its replacement with an organic results in a nonclassical mode of growth that obscures 2D layers and markedly slows the rate of crystallization. In situ measurements of layered growth reveal that undissolved silica nanoparticles in the synthesis medium can incorporate into advancing steps on crystal surfaces to generate defects (i.e., amorphous silica occlusions) that largely go undetected in literature. Nanoparticle occlusion in natural and synthetic crystals is a topic of wide-ranging interest owing to its relevance in fields spanning from biomineralization to the rational design of functional nanocomposites. In this study, we provide unprecedented insight into zeolite surface growth by molecule addition through time-resolved microscopy that directly captures the occlusion of silica nanoparticles and highlights the prevalent role of defects in zeolite crystallization.The abundance of media options is a central feature of today's information environment. Many accounts, often based on analysis of desktop-only news use, suggest that this increased choice leads to audience fragmentation, ideological segregation, and echo chambers with no cross-cutting exposure. Contrary to many of those claims, this paper uses observational multiplatform data capturing both desktop and mobile use to demonstrate that coexposure to diverse news is on the rise, and that ideological self-selection does not explain most of that coexposure. We show that mainstream media outlets offer the common ground where ideologically diverse audiences converge online, though our analysis also reveals that more than half of the US online population consumes no online news, underlining the risk of increased information inequality driven by self-selection along lines of interest. For this study, we use an unprecedented combination of observed data from the United States comprising a 5-y time window and involving tens of thousands of panelists. Our dataset traces news consumption across different devices and unveils important differences in news diets when multiplatform or desktop-only access is used. We discuss the implications of our findings for how we think about the current communication environment, exposure to news, and ongoing attempts to limit the effects of misinformation.The English and French Revolutions represent a turning point in history, marking the beginning of the modern rise of democracy. Recent advances in cultural evolution have put forward the idea that the early modern revolutions may be the product of a long-term psychological shift, from hierarchical and dominance-based interactions to democratic and trust-based relationships. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by analyzing theater plays during the early modern period in England and France. We found an increase in cooperation-related words over time relative to dominance-related words in both countries. Furthermore, we found that the accelerated rise of cooperation-related words preceded both the English Civil War (1642) and the French Revolution (1789). Finally, we found that rising per capita gross domestic product (GDPpc) generally led to an increase in cooperation-related words. These results highlight the likely role of long-term psychological and economic changes in explaining the rise of early mo