Klit Odonnell (melodyswamp30)

There is growing evidence on positive human capital impacts of large, poverty-focused cash transfer programs. However, evidence is inconclusive on whether cash transfer programs affect maternal health outcomes, and if so, through which pathways. We use a regression discontinuity design with an implicit threshold to evaluate the impact of Comunidades Solidarias Rurales in El Salvador on four maternal health service utilization outcomes (a) prenatal care; (b) skilled attendance at birth; (c) birth in health facilities; and (d) postnatal care. We find robust impacts on outcomes at the time of birth but not on prenatal and postnatal care. In addition to income effects, supply-side health service improvements and gains in women's agency may have played a role in realizing these gains. With growing inequalities in maternal health outcomes globally, results contribute to an understanding of how financial incentives can address health systems and financial barriers that prevent poor women from seeking and receiving care at critical periods for both maternal and infant health. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Historical Sociology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.OBJECTIVES To assess the supraspinal working mechanisms of the Burst spinal cord stimulation (SCS)-mode we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in chronic neuropathic rats. We hypothesized that active recharge Burst SCS would induce a more profound BOLD signal increase in areas associated with cognitive-emotional aspects of pain, as compared to Tonic SCS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley Rats (n=17) received a unilateral partial sciatic nerve ligation which resulted in chronic neuropathic pain. Quadripolar SCS-electrodes were epidurally positioned on top of the dorsal columns at Th13. Isoflurane-anesthetized (1.5%) rats received either Tonic SCS (n=8) or Burst SCS (n=9) at 66% of motor-threshold. BOLD fMRI was conducted pre-, during and post-SCS using a 9.4T horizontal bore scanner. RESULTS Overall, both Tonic and Burst SCS induced a significant increase of BOLD signal levels in areas associated with the location and intensity of pain, and areas associated with cognitive-emotional aspects of pain. Additionally, Burst SCS significantly increased BOLD signal in the raphe nuclei, the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen. Tonic SCS did not induce a significant increase in BOLD signal in these areas. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, active recharge Burst and Tonic SCS have different effects on the intensity and localization of SCS-induced activation responses in the brain. This work demonstrates that active recharge burst is another waveform that can engage brain areas associated with cognitive-emotional aspects of pain as well as areas associated with location and intensity of pain. Previous studies showing similar engagement used only passive recharge burst. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This study aimed to provide an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence update from parent and teacher report using the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). The LSAC is a prospective cohort study of Australian children representative of the population with two cohorts Kinder (birth year 1999/2000) and Birth cohort (birth year 2003/2004). Children in the Birth and Kinder cohort with parent- and teacher-reported ASD prevalence were compared to children without ASD. There were N = 3,381 (66%) responding in the Birth cohort at age 12 and N = 3,089 (62%) for the Kinder cohort at age 16. Quality of life was measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and emotional/behavior problems using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Parent-reported ASD prevalence increased to 4.36% [95% CI 3.56-5.19] at age 12-13 years in the Birth cohort and 2.60% [95% CI 2.07-3.31] in the Kinder cohort. Kinder cohort ASD children had more parent- and teacher-reported social problems, and lower parent-reported social and psychosocial quality of life