Moreno Ottesen (lookclutch07)

The apelin receptor (APLNR) is a class A (rhodopsin-like) G-protein coupled receptor with a wide distribution throughout the human body. Activation of the apelin/APLNR system regulates AMPK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/ERK1/2 mediated signaling pathways. APLNR activation orchestrates several downstream signaling cascades, which play diverse roles in physiological effects, including effects upon vasoconstriction, heart muscle contractility, energy metabolism regulation, and fluid homeostasis angiogenesis. We consolidated a network map of the APLNR signaling map owing to its biomedical importance. The curation of literature data pertaining to the APLNR system was performed manually by the NetPath criteria. The described apelin receptor signaling map comprises 35 activation/inhibition events, 38 catalysis events, 4 molecular associations, 62 gene regulation events, 113 protein expression types, and 4 protein translocation events. The APLNR signaling pathway map data is made freely accessible through the WikiPathways Database ( https// ).Temperature is a fundamental thermodynamic property that can serve as a probe of biochemical reactions. Extracellular thermometry has previously been used to probe cancer metabolism and thermoregulation, with measured temperature changes of ~1-2 K in tissues, consistent with theoretical predictions. In contrast, previous intracellular thermometry studies remain disputed due to reports of >1 K intracellular temperature rises over 5 min or more that are inconsistent with theory. Thus, the origins of such anomalous temperature rises remain unclear. An improved quantitative understanding of intracellular thermometry is necessary to provide a clearer perspective for future measurements. Here, we develop a generalizable framework for modeling cellular heat diffusion over a range of subcellular-to-tissue length scales. Our model shows that local intracellular temperature changes reach measurable limits (>0.1 K) only when exogenously stimulated. On the other hand, extracellular temperatures can be measurable (>0.1 K) in tissues even from endogenous biochemical pathways. Using these insights, we provide a comprehensive approach to choosing an appropriate cellular thermometry technique by analyzing thermogenic reactions of different heat rates and time constants across length scales ranging from subcellular to tissues. Our work provides clarity on cellular heat diffusion modeling and on the required thermometry approach for probing thermogenic biochemical pathways.Fingolimod (Gilenya) received regulatory approval from the US FDA in 2010 as the first-in-class sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR) modulator and was the first oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) used for the treatment of the relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Development of this new class of therapeutic compounds has continued to be a pharmacological goal of high interest in clinical trials for treatment of various autoimmune disorders, including MS. S1P is a physiologic signaling molecule that acts as a ligand for a group of cell surface receptors. S1PRs are expressed on various body tissues and regulate diverse physiological and pathological cellular responses involved in innate and adaptive immune, cardiovascular, and neurological functions. Subtype 1 of the S1PR (S1PR1) is expressed on the cell surface of lymphocytes, which are well known for their major role in MS pathogenesis and play an important regulatory role in the egress of lymphocytes from lymphoid organs to the lymphatic cird (MT-1303). This review covers the available data about the mechanisms of action, pharmacodynamics and kinetics, efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the various S1PR modulators for patients with relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and, for fingolimod, primary progressive MS.Essential metal elements (EMEs) have essential roles in neurological development and maintenance of human homeost