Hackett Munck (lizardback51)

BACKGROUND Measles virus infection leads to significant immunosuppression. In developing countries, this translates to an increased nonspecific mortality, whereas its effects in developed countries are less clear. METHODS We performed a cohort study to investigate whether children hospitalized with measles (cases) between 2000 and 2015 in Switzerland would have a higher frequency of hospital admissions due to other infectious diseases thereafter than children who did not have measles (controls). Cases were identified by ICD-10 discharge diagnoses for measles and/or keyword search and matched to 2 controls by time of hospitalization, age and sex. All hospitalizations ≤3 years after original admission, infectious or noninfectious in origin, were identified in cases and controls. RESULTS One hundred thirteen cases (56% males), mean age 9.0 years (range 2 weeks-17.8 years), and 196 controls were identified. Twelve rehospitalizations due to an infectious disease occurred in 11 cases and 6 in 6 controls (episode rates 0.106 versus 0.031 per person; ratio 3.47; 95% CI 1.20-11.3; P = 0.012) in 3 years of follow-up. Of these, 9 and 3 occurred in cases and controls, respectively, during year 1 [ratio 5.20 (95% CI 1.30-29.88; P = 0.012)]. Infectious diseases following measles affected various organ systems, were neither particularly severe nor fatal and revealed no specific pattern. CONCLUSIONS The increased risk for nonspecific infectious disease hospitalizations supports the concept of immunologic amnesia after measles. Universal immunization against measles provides additional benefit beyond protection against measles itself.BACKGROUND To determine if receiving targeted antimicrobial (AM) prophylaxis has an effect on the rate of postoperative infections in patient's colonized with a multidrug resistant organism (MDRO) undergoing cardiothoracic surgery (CTS). METHODS Single-center, retrospective medical record review of pediatric patients from birth to 18 years of age undergoing CTS from January 2013 to September 2018. Demographic data collected included age, specific MDRO, site of MDRO colonization, type of surgery, perioperative AM agent and type of infection. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, MDRO+ and MDRO-. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between groups with a Student's t test for continuous variables and a χ2, Fisher exact test or Mann-Whitney U test for noncontinuous variables. A 2-sided significance level of α = 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS Fifty patients (26 males/24 females) were included in the MDRO (+) group and 295 patients (168 males/127 females) in the MDRO (-) group. The median age was 0.48 years (interquartile range 0.24-1 year) and 0.9 years (interquartile range 0.19-8 years) in the MDRO (+) and MDRO (-) groups, P = 0.003. 2 of 50 (4%) MDRO (+) patients and 15 of 295 (5.1 %) MDRO (-) patients developed an infection, P = 1. 10 of 50 (20%) MDRO (+) patients received targeted AM toward the MDRO and none developed an infection. Of the 2 MDRO (+) patients with infection, 1 was infected with the MDRO. For MDRO (+) patients, there was no difference in the rate of infection whether targeted AM therapy was received, P = 1. LKynurenine CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in the rate of postoperative infection between MDRO (+) and MDRO (-) patients. Additionally, these preliminary pediatric data suggest targeting AM agents to a specific MDRO does not impact the rate of postoperative infection in children undergoing CTS. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these findings.Posaconazole is a triazole antifungal with activity against Rhizopus, but data on its use and pharmacokinetics in preterm infants are scarce. In this case, a 24 4/7-week neonate's Rhizopus infection is successfully treated with debridement and combination antifungal therapy with amphotericin B, micafungin and enteral