Ahmed Kern (litterpaul9)

We conclude by estimating the effect of private math lessons in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study data, a large-scale educational assessment where students are nested within schools. Driving simulation is an important platform for studying vehicle automation. There are different approaches to using this platform - with most using scripting or programmatic tools to simulate vehicle automation. Bcl-2 inhibitor A less frequently used approach, the Wizard-of-Oz method, has potential for increased flexibility and efficiency in designing and conducting experiments. This study designed and evaluated an experimental setup to examine the feasibility of this approach as an alternative for conducting automation studies. Twenty-four participants experienced simulated vehicle automation in two platforms, one where the automation was controlled by algorithms, and the other where the automation was simulated by an external operator. Surveys were administered after each drive and the drivers' takeover performance after the automation disengaged was measured. Results indicate that while the kinematic parameters of the driving differed significantly for the two platforms, there were no significant differences in the perceptions of participants and in their takeover performance between the two platforms. These results provide evidence for the use of alternative approaches for the conduct of human factors studies on vehicle automation, potentially lowering barriers to undertaking such experiments while increasing flexibility in designing more complex studies. These results provide evidence for the use of alternative approaches for the conduct of human factors studies on vehicle automation, potentially lowering barriers to undertaking such experiments while increasing flexibility in designing more complex studies. Several studies have described the population of adult trauma patients who undergo withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments (WLST); however, no study has looked specifically at trauma patients who undergo WLST following surgery. This was a retrospective chart review of all trauma patients who underwent surgery at our trauma center between January 1 and December 31, 2017. Demographics were collected along with injury patterns and advance directives. Charts of all patients who died or who were discharged to hospice were analyzed to determine whether WLST occurred. Statistics included Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test. Three thousand and twenty-five adult trauma patients received care and 1495 (49.4%) had operations. Thirty (2.0%) patients underwent WLST, 15 (50.0%) of whom died in the hospital and 15 (50.0%) of whom were discharged to hospice. Twenty-six (86.7%) patients had a palliative care consult and 12 (40.0%) had prior advance directives. The most common injuries were femur fractures and subdural hematomas. Adjusting for age, white race, and age-adjusted CCI, femur fracture patients had, on average, 8.8 more hours between presentation and surgery (95% CI 2.1-15.4, = .01) and 39 fewer hours between surgery and WLST (95% CI -107-29, = .26) than traumatic brain injury patients. The short time between surgery and WLST in this cohort of patients may demonstrate that surgery was not aligned with patients' goals of care. A patient-centered approach that includes surgeon-driven palliative care discussions may help avoid nonbeneficial surgery in the last few days of life. The short time between surgery and WLST in this cohort of patients may demonstrate that surgery was not aligned with patients' goals of care. A patient-centered approach that includes surgeon-driven palliative care discussions may help avoid nonbeneficial surgery in the last few days of life.Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with characteristic skin findings, as well as a fourfold i