Carney Cowan (jutetime5)

Background The value of medical education in the community has been increasingly and globally recognized. In 2015, the World Federation for Medical Education emphasized the importance of medical education in various settings in their standard. Similarly, in Japan, the Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education in Japan (MCCMEJ) is revised in 2016. However, both the learning objectives of such clerkships and their concrete strategies in Japan are not clearly established. In this study, the authors identified the learning objectives of clinical clerkship in community health reflecting the perspectives of medical professionals and community inhabitants. Methods They held six focus groups that included physicians, other medical professionals, and inhabitants (n = 35) who were involved in a clinical clerkship in community health at three prefectures in Japan from 2017 to 2018. Further, they recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed the discussion using MCCMEJ as conceptual frameworks. Results The learning objectives comprised of 13 domains. The following four domains were not found in "Basic Qualities and Capacities for Physicians" in MCCMEJ "future-oriented systematic view," "organic integration of knowledge/skill," "understanding of the community," and "awareness as an individual physician." Conclusion With the community inhabitants' participation, the study results reflect the community needs in Japan. The authors hope that the outcome of this study will be useful to further improve clinical clerkship in community health. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of General and Family Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Primary Care Association.Glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) enzymes show both highly conserved folds and catalytic residues. Yet different members of GH31 show very different substrate specificities, and it is not obvious how these specificities arise from the protein sequences. The fungal α-xylosidase, AxlA, was originally isolated from a commercial enzyme mixture secreted by Aspergillus niger and was reported to have potential as a catalytic component in biomass deconstruction in the biofuel industry. We report here the crystal structure of AxlA in complex with its catalytic product, a hydrolyzed xyloglucan oligosaccharide. On the basis of our new structure, we provide the structural basis for AxlA's role in xyloglucan utilization and, more importantly, a new procedure to predict and differentiate C5 vs C6 sugar specific activities based on protein sequences of the functionally diverse GH31 family enzymes. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.High-altitude ecosystems are found in mountain chains and plateaus worldwide. These areas tend to be underrepresented in insect biodiversity assessments because of the challenges related to systematic survey at these elevations, such as extreme climatic and geographic conditions. Nonetheless, high-altitude ecosystems are of paramount importance because they have been seen to be species pumps for other geographic areas, such as adjacent locations, functioning as buffers for population declines. Moreover, these ecosystems and their biodiversity have been proposed to be fast-responding indicators of the impacts caused by global climate change. Bees have been highlighted among the insect groups that have been affected by these problems. This work used bees as a proxy to demonstrate and reinforce the importance of systematic surveys of high-altitude ecosystems. Here, field collections were undertaken and an updated review was conducted for the native bee biodiversity of the high-altitude ecosystem found at the Andes system of central Chile, including the phenological trends of these insects during the flowering season. Of the 58 species that have been described for this location, we were able to confirm the occurrence of 46 of these species as a result of our sampling. In addition, thanks to these recent collections, a new