Le Martens (jeansgemini22)

A number of neurological disease complications have been seen following infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While most person with COVID-19 respiratory disease demonstrate headache, nausea and vomiting, up to 40% present also experience dizziness, confusion, cerebrovascular disease, muscle pain, ataxia and seizures. Loss of taste and smell, defects in visual acuity and pain occur in parallel. Such central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms linked to laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is often life threatening. Health care providers currently evaluating patients with neurologic symptoms need consider COVID-19 in any differential diagnosis. These considerations will facilitate prompt testing, isolation and prevention of viral transmission speeding best clinical outcomes. Graphical Abstract.no summary.The world entered the year 2020 with reports of the emergence of a new viral illness in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. In January 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified to be the causative novel coronavirus for the cluster of patients suffering from pneumonia in China. The disease was later named as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Several studies, since then, have tried to study and explain the origin of SARS-CoV-2, its structure and pathogenicity, epidemiology, modes of transmission, spectrum of illness and causes of mortality and morbidity. The current management strategies focus on supportive care and prevention of complications. With no definite treatment, as of now, encouraging reports of some anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs in the management of COVID-19 generate some hope. This review intends to cover the current known aspects of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-19, based on the available literature.The shoulder enjoys the widest range of motion of all the joints in the human body, therefore requires a delicate balance between stability and motility. The glenohumeral joint is inclined to fall into two main instability categories macro and micro. Macroinstability can be traumatic or atraumatic, with anterior or posterior dislocation of the humeral head. Microinstability falls within the broader section of acquired instability in overstressed shoulder caused by repeated joint stress. Anterior traumatic instability is the most frequent entity and a relatively common injury in young and athletic population. While shoulder instability is a clinical diagnosis, imaging impacts the patient management by detailing the extent of injury, such as capsulo-labral-ligamentous tears, fracture, and/or dislocation, describing the predisposing anatomic conditions and guide the therapetic choice. The aim of this comprehensive review is to cover the imaging findings of shoulder instability by different imaging techniques.Thyroid eye disease (TED) affects 25% of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism, where 1 in 20 patients has active, moderate-to-severe disease that will require medical treatment for reducing TED activity and severity. Intravenous corticosteroid has been the mainstay of treatment for active moderate-to-severe TED. With improved understanding of the pathophysiology of TED, immunotherapy targeting different molecular pathways including T cells, B cells, cytokines and cell surface receptors have been investigated in randomised clinical trials. This review provides an overview of the current advances in medical treatment including teprotumumab, tocilizumab, rituximab and mycophenolate and the indications for their use in the management of active, moderate-to-severe TED.Mental disorders occur in patients with epilepsy significantly more frequently than in the general population or in those with other chronic diseases. The specificity of epilepsy as a condition of the central nervous system with complex somatic, psychic and social consequences contributes to co-oc