Sherwood Ibsen (hoeeffect3)

After enrichment for pJNK by immunoprecipitation, we identified JNK2 as the only significantly hyperactivated JNK isoform, with expression of the 54 kDa pJNK2 variant elevated to a greater extent than the 46 kDa pJNK2 variant. Expression of the total amounts of both JNK2 variants (phosphorylated plus non-phosphorylated) was reduced in epilepsy, however, suggesting that activation of upstream phosphorylation pathways was responsible for JNK2 hyperactivation. Since our prior work demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of JNK activation had an antiepileptic effect, JNK2 hyperactivation is therefore likely a pathological event that promotes seizure occurrences. This investigation provides evidence that JNK2 is selectively hyperactivated in epilepsy and thus may be a novel and selective antiepileptic target. © 2020 The Authors.Several studies have been conducted worldwide to develop effective and affordable methods to degrade pharmaceuticals and their metabolites/intermediates/oxidation products found in surface water, wastewater and drinking water. In this work, acetaminophen and its transformation products were successfully degraded in surface water by electrochemical oxidation using stainless steel electrodes. The effect of pH and current density on the oxidation process was assessed and the oxidation kinetics and mechanisms involved were described. Additionally, the results were compared with those obtained in acetaminophen synthetic solutions. It was found that conducting the electrochemical oxidation at 16.3 mA/cm2 and pH 5, good performance of the process was achieved and not only acetaminophen, but also its transformation products were totally degraded in only 7.5 min; furthermore, small number of transformation products were generated. On the other hand, degradation rates of acetaminophen and its transformation products in surface water were much faster (more than 2.5 times) and the reaction times much shorter (more than 4.0 times) than in synthetic solutions at all current densities and pH values evaluated. At pH 3 and pH 5, greater soluble chlorine formation due to the higher HCl amount used to acidify the surface water solutions could enhance the degradation rates of acetaminophen and its transformation products. However, constituents of surface water (ions and solids) could also have an important role on the oxidation process because at pH 9 (non-acidified solutions) the degradation rates were also much greater and the reaction times were much shorter in surface water than in acetaminophen synthetic solutions. © 2020 The Author(s).Economic development is characterised by natural resource extraction and consumption. However, due to the finite nature of fossil fuel energy sources and its price shocks, an investigation into its historical fluctuations is essential for energy policy formulation. Against the backdrop, this paper examines the stationary properties of coal, oil and natural gas consumption per capita of 16 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 1970-2018. The study employs Fourier ADF and Fourier KSS unit root tests for linear and nonlinear series to assess the permanent or transitory shocks in coal, oil, and natural gas consumption. Empirical findings show that coal consumption is stationary for 6 of 16 countries. In contrast, oil consumption is found stationary for 4 of 16 countries while natural gas consumption is found stationary for 5 of 16 countries. These results demonstrate that any shock in oil, coal, and natural gas consumption will be permanent in most of the OECD countries. Thus, finding fossil fuel alternatives like renewable energy sources which are localized rather than internationally tradable, lessens the reliance on fossil fuel imports and the negative impacts of price shocks. © 2020 The Author(s).The sol-gel method was used to prepare perovskite type (Pb1-1.5x Lax□0.5x)TiO3 (PLT) ceramics with x = 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25 in order t