Lehmann Mcintosh (heightfir4)

As an alternative electron sink, chlororespiration, comprised of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex and plastid terminal plastoquinone oxidase, may play a significant role for sustaining the redox equilibrium between stroma and thylakoid membrane. This study identified a distinct role of chlororespiration in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina, whose oxygen evolving complex (OEC) is prone to photo-inactivation as a result of its inherent susceptibility to excess irradiation. The strong connectivity between OEC peripheral proteins and key chlororespiratory enzymes, as demonstrated in the interaction network of differentially expressed genes, suggested that the recovery of photo-inactivated OEC was connected with chlororespiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence, transcriptome, and Western blot data verified a new physiological role of chlororespiration to function as photoprotection and generate proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane for the recovery of photo-inactivated OEC. Chlororespiration was only activated in darkness following excess irradiation exposure, which might be related to the electron deficiency in the electron transport chain because of the continuous impairment of OEC. The activation of chlororespiration in Z. marina was prone to proactivity, which was also supported by the further activation of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway synthesizing NADPH to meet the demand of chlororespiration during darkness. This phenomenon is distinct from the common assumption that chlororespiration is prone to consuming redundant reducing power during the short transition phase from light to dark.Next-generation sequencing of pathogen quasispecies within a host yields datasets of tens to hundreds of unique sequences. However, the full dataset often contains thousands of sequences, since many of those unique sequences have multiple identical copies. Datasets of this size represent a computational challenge for currently available Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic methods. Through simulations we explore how large datasets with duplicate sequences affect the speed and accuracy of phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis within BEAST 2. We show that using unique sequences only leads to biases, and using a random subset of sequences yields imprecise parameter estimates. To overcome these shortcomings, we introduce PIQMEE, a BEAST 2 add-on that produces reliable parameter estimates from full datasets with increased computational efficiency as compared to the currently available methods within BEAST 2. N-Acetyl-DL-methionine The principle behind PIQMEE is to resolve the tree structure of the unique sequences only, while simultaneously estimating the branching times of the duplicate sequences. Distinguishing between unique and duplicate sequences allows our method to perform well even for very large datasets. While the classic method converges poorly for datasets of 6000 sequences when allowed to run for 7 days, our method converges in slightly more than one day. In fact, PIQMEE can handle datasets of around 21000 sequences with 20 unique sequences in 14 days. Finally, we apply the method to a real, within-host HIV sequencing dataset with several thousand sequences per patient.Background Effects of resveratrol on metabolic health have been studied in several short-term human clinical trials, with conflicting results. Next to dose, the duration of the clinical trials may explain the lack of effect in some studies, but long-term studies are still limited. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-mo resveratrol supplementation on metabolic health outcome parameters. Methods Forty-one overweight men and women (BMI 27-35 kg/m2; aged 40-70 y) completed the study. In this parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial, participants were randomized to receive either 150 mg/d of resveratrol (n = 20) or placebo (n = 21) for 6 mo. The primary outcome of the study was insulin sensitivity, using the Matsu