Carlsson Harrison (guideform0)

This paper aims to analyze usage rates for the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) among women living in the city of São Paulo and their associated factors. A population based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 with a probabilistic sample of 4,000 women aged 15 to 44 living in São Paulo, Brazil. Response rate for households was 75% and 77% for eligible women. Binary logistic regression models were used to describe the association between each outcome and selected variables. A total of 51.4% of women living in the city of São Paulo had used ECP at least once in their lifetime. Women under 35 were more likely to use ECP, as were those with more than 9 years of schooling, having at least one live birth, not cohabiting with a partner, with more than two lifetime sexual partners and as length of sexual life decreased. Among ECP users, 32.6% used it only once, 47.5% used it 2 to 4 times, and 19.9% used it 5 or more times. Our findings suggest that ECPs have been incorporated into the contraceptive method mix for many women as a fundamental strategy for regulating fertility. Particularly young women, unmarried women and those who have had more partners seem to take greater advantage of ECP to prevent pregnancy. Despite the high use rate, lower levels of schooling are associated with lower levels of ECP use. There is a need for both policies to reduce schooling inequities and strategies to improve women's knowledge of reproduction and contraception. Despite the high use rate, lower levels of schooling are associated with lower levels of ECP use. There is a need for both policies to reduce schooling inequities and strategies to improve women's knowledge of reproduction and contraception. To evaluate whether the use of long-acting, reversible contraception (LARC) is equitably accessible to Medicaid recipients in rural and urban areas. We also determined whether women's health specialists' availability was associated with the type of LARC used. We used claims data for 242,057 adult women who were continuously enrolled in Oregon Medicaid for at least one year and at risk of pregnancy from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2017 to assess the association between LARC utilization and (1) rurality and (2) provider supply. Our primary analysis included 430,918 person-years. Regression models adjusted for patient age, whether the patient was newly eligible for Medicaid due to Medicaid expansion, and health status. We also examined differences in the caseload of implants and IUD by provider type (women's health specialist vs other). Among all women, 11.6% had at least one claim indicating LARC use. There was no significant difference in overall LARC use by location (urban residence +0.66%, 95% CI [-0.12%, 1.43%]), although urban residents were slightly more likely to have an IUD (+0.72%, 95% CI [0.11%, 1.33%]). ε-poly-L-lysine order An increase of one women's health specialty provider per 10,000 women was associated with a 0.14 percentage point increase in the rate of IUD utilization (95% CI 0.02, 0.26). Compared to other providers, women's health specialty providers supplied 62% of all IUDs and 43% of all implants. Among Oregon's Medicaid enrollees, LARC is equitably used in rural areas; however, IUD use is slightly more frequent in urban areas. Among Oregon's Medicaid enrollees, LARC is equitably used in rural areas; however, IUD use is slightly more frequent in urban areas.Mueller matrix microscopy is an advanced imaging technique providing a full characterization of the optical polarization fingerprint of a sample. The Lu-Chipman (LC) decomposition, a method based on the modeling of elementary polarimetric arrangements and matrix inversions, is the gold standard to extract each polarimetric component separately. However, this models the optical system as a small number of discrete optical elements and requires a priori knowled