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The diagnostic accuracy for EI to categorize frailty was of 0.69 (95%CI 0.59-0.78, p = .001), with high intra-rater (ICC 0.98, 95%CI 0.98-0.99); p less then .001) and inter-rater (ICC 0.89, 95%CI 0.75-0.95; p less then .001) reliability and low measurement error for both parameters (EI -0.18, LOA95% -10.8 to 10.5; FD 0.00, LOA95% -0.09 to 0.10) in arbitrary units. The ROC curve combining both parameters was not better than EI alone (p = .18). Muscle FD correlated with EI and showed different patterns according to frailty phenotype, with EI outperforming FD as a possible diagnostic tool for frailty.Adolescents experience alarmingly high rates of sexual violence, higher than any other age-group. This is concerning as sexual violence can have detrimental effects on teens' personal and relational well-being, causing long-term consequences for the survivor. Still, adolescents are hesitant to report the assault or seek out services and resources. When an adolescent survivor does seek out services, they may interact with a provider who is a mandatory reporter. This scoping review sought to synthesize the current U.S.-based research on the role, challenges, and impact of mandatory reporting (MR) in the context of adolescent sexual assault. Database searches using key words related to MR, sexual assault, and adolescence identified 29 peer-reviewed articles. However, none of these articles reported on empirical investigations of the phenomenon of interest and instead consisted of case studies, commentaries, and position papers. The scoping review was expanded to provide a lay of the land of what we know about the intersection of adolescent sexual assault and MR. Results of the review indicate that though implemented broadly, MR policies vary between individuals, organizations, and states and have historically been challenging to implement due to this variation, conflicts with other laws, tension between these policies and providers' values, and other factors. Based on the available literature, the impact of MR in the context of adolescent sexual assault is unknown. There is a critical need for research and evaluation on the implementation and impact of MR policies, especially in the context of adolescents and sexual violence.Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is rarely detected in Europe, but the clinical disease has been reported in wild boars. We describe here the clinical findings, pathologic changes, and microbiologic features of swine salmonellosis caused by S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis in weaned piglets in Serbia. In April 2019, on a large farrow-to-finish pig farm, increased mortality was reported in weaned piglets, marked by lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia, and respiratory distress. Gross pathology revealed dermal cyanosis, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, interstitial pneumonia, and colitis. By direct culturing of lung, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, S. enterica ser. Choleraesuis variant Kunzendorf was isolated after years of absence of the disease in pig farms in Europe. The source of this salmonellosis outbreak caused by S. enterica ser. Choleraesuis remains unknown.Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals less then 45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or