Corneliussen Lundgreen (gaugebumper51)

The speciation distribution of heavy metals in landfill refuse was determined by the BCR sequential extraction method. Results showed that Zn and Ni have high potential migration capacity, poor stability and the highest bioavailability, while Cr, Cu and Pb are relatively stable and have weak migration potential. The oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, aliphatic structures and aromatic carbon in landfill refuse can promote the transformation of Ni and Cr from an unstable to stable state. Protein-like substances exhibit a strong Cu binding ability, allowing Cu to combine with organic matter more easily than other assessed heavy metals. Both Fe2O3 and FeO affected the stability of Cu. FeO promoted the stabilization of Zn, whereas Fe2O3 and SiO2 promoted Cu instability. These results could provide some references for the treatment of organic chlorides and the stabilization of heavy metals in landfill refuse in China.Rapid urbanization and the rising global population have led to the generation of substantial volumes of laundry wastewater. Accordingly, treatment of laundry wastewater has been advocated to curb water pollution and achieve water sustainability. However, technological limitations in treating (specifically) laundry wastewater and the lack of regulations governing the levels of contaminants for such discharges have been perennial problems. This review bridges the knowledge gap by delineating the feasibility of current technologies in laundry wastewater treatment and the experiences of various countries in adopting different approaches. Besides, the feasible methods for collecting laundry wastewater are elaborated. The development of the treatment technologies is highlighted, in which the integrated-treatment processes (physicochemical, biological, and combination of both) are critically discussed based on their functions and methods. A judicious selection of the technologies not only improves the energy efficiency and quality of the treated wastewater, but also mitigates capitals and operational costs. This is projected to enhance public acceptance towards the reuse of laundry wastewater. Thus, the comprehensive assessment herein is envisioned to insightfully guide national policymakers in exploring the viability of the technologies and water-recycling projects. Future research should focus on the techno-economic aspects of the treatment processes, especially their industrial scale-up.Oil droplets in marine environment interact with particles to form oil particle aggregates (OPA), and alters the transport and fate of oil. We investigated the impact of particles properties on the formation of OPAs. It was found that the distribution of 9 μm spherical silica (sand) particles on the oil droplet was more uniform than the 3 μm silica particles, and it is likely due to the inertia of the larger particles causing them to lodge into the droplet. Also, the OPAs of the 3 μm silica particles were much smaller than those of the 9 μm particles. For kaolinite particles that are rod-like of length around 10 μm, it was found that increasing the hydrophobicity of the particles from a contact angle (CA) of ~ 29o to 38o, increases the penetration of the particles in the oil through a projectile penetration mechanism, whereby the particle possesses sufficient inertia to penetrate into the oil. However, a further increase in hydrophbocitiy (CA ~ 57o) caused the particles to agglomerate together and avoid the oil droplets. The oil droplets got smaller with time probably due to the penetration of the particles in them. For an oil concentration of 500 mg/L, a particle concentration of 100 mg/L was incapable of fragmenting the oil droplets, but particle concentration of 500 mg/L fragmented the droplets similarly to a concentration of 1500 mg/L. COTI-2 nmr This is due to the larger coverage of the droplet surface area by the particles and the subsequent weakening of its structural rigidity through the reduction of the oil-wate