Strauss Le (forkhyena60)

In the 1930's Kozen Yoshino published 6 papers on Taenia solium. One of these papers is particularly important because it describes the outcomes of experimental infections with T. solium tapeworms in four volunteers, Yoshino being one of them. The paper was written in an old form of the Japanese language, making it almost inaccessible to most researchers around the world. Here we provide a non-literal translation of this work and some brief comments by the translators. Each of the four volunteers swallowed three or five cysticerci recovered from an experimentally infected pig. Each person was found to have harbored 2 - 5 tapeworms when the infections were terminated by drug treatment between 120 and 451 days after infection. The pre-patent period recorded by Yoshino's volunteers was between 62 and 72 days based on the first appearance of gravid proglottids (GPs) in the feces. In one subject, the number of GPs appearing in each bowel movement was tracked daily for 371 days following the first appearance of GPs in the feces, together with the number of bowel movements each day. GPs were observed on 275 of the 284 days on which the subject defecated during which observations were made. There was a decline in the number of GPs over the observation period; proglottids were observed on 97% of all days on which defecation occurred, they were present on 87% of days in the last month of infection. The cumulative number of GPs for a month in the 1st, 6th and 12th months of patent infection was 334, 174 and 126, respectively. V.Rapid larval surveys have been mandated in nearly every urban Brazilian municipality and promoted by the Pan American Health Organization. These surveys purport to classify arbovirus transmission risk as a basis to triage local surveillance and vector control operations, yet no previous analyses have determined relative risk associated with marginal changes in infestation at administrative and temporal scales relevant to vector control. We estimated associations between entomological indices from six larval surveys and daily incidence rates of confirmed dengue cases in Fortaleza, Brazil using models adjusted for rainfall, and indicators of spatial association. Poor correspondence between infestation and incidence indicates that these surveys may systematically mislead vector control activities and treatment strategies in Fortaleza and in similar cities throughout Latin America. The co-circulation of multiple arboviruses enhances the importance of determining the true informational value of these surveys, and of identifying complementary tools to discern local and inter-annual transmission risk. Echocardiography is a powerful, noninvasive tool used both in clinical and nonclinical settings, including in drug development. When used appropriately, it can provide valuable translational information about pharmacodynamics, safety pharmacology, or toxicology, helping to define no-observed-adverse-effect levels and providing guidance for clinical monitoring and dose selection. Echocardiography is advantageous in conducting longitudinal studies and reducing the number of animals used in safety assessments. To this end, there has been no clear enunciation of what constitutes appropriate use of this imaging technology in a nonclinical drug development setting. In this review, we describe the use of echocardiography in nonclinical studies in regulatory submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. In addition, we discuss three main areas the operator, image acquisition, and image analysis, where variability may affect the reliability of information generated in an echocardiography study. As a path forward, our recommendation is for a multi-disciplinary expert working group to establish guidelines for education and credentialing of nonclinical echocardiographers as well as quality assurance standards for nonclinical echocardiography labs. Published by Elsevier Inc.Our study aimed