Keller Kofod (expertghost2)

KEY POINTS Skin wettedness occurring secondary to the buildup of sweat on the skin provokes thermal discomfort, the precursor to engaging in cool-seeking behaviour. Associative evidence indicates that skin wettedness stimulates cool-seeking behaviour to a greater extent than increases in core and mean skin temperatures. The independent contribution of skin wettedness to cool-seeking behaviour during heat stress has never been established. We demonstrate that skin wettedness augments cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress, independent of differential increases in skin temperature and core temperature. We also identify that perceptions of skin wettedness were not elevated despite increases in actual skin wettedness. These data support that afferent signalling from skin wettedness enhances the desire to engage in cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress. GNE-495 inhibitor ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that elevations in skin wettedness augments cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress. 12 t different between conditions (P ≥ 0.11). Wskin was elevated in HIGH vs. LOW during HS (60 min by + 0.06 ± 0.07 a.u., P ≤ 0.04). Tdevice was lower in HIGH vs. LOW at 40-50 min of HS (P ≤ 0.01). TTcool was greater for HIGH (330 ± 172 s) vs. LOW (225 ± 167 s, P  less then  0.01), while CBP were greater from 40-60 min in HS for HIGH vs. LOW (P ≤ 0.04). Increased skin wettedness amplifies the engagement in cool-seeking behaviour during passive heat stress. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The present study establishes the southernmost distribution range for the Chupare stingray Styracura schmardae based on a specimen caught on the easternmost portion of Ceará State, northeastern Brazil. Identification was based on diagnostic morphological characters and molecular data (sequence of the mitochondrial DNA gene nd2; 1046 bp). This record expands the known distribution range for this species by more than 1200 km and confirms that S. schmardae is distributed in more than one biogeographical province. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.KEY POINTS The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis habituates to repeated stress exposure. We studied hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons that form the apex of the HPA axis in a mouse model of stress habituation using repeated restraint. The intrinsic excitability of CRH neurons decreased after repeated stress in a time course that coincided with the development of HPA axis habituation. This intrinsic excitability plasticity co-developed with an expansion of surface membrane area, which increased a passive electric load and dampened membrane depolarization in response to the influx of positive charge. We report a novel structure-function relationship for intrinsic excitability plasticity as a neural correlate for HPA axis habituation. ABSTRACT Encountering a stressor immediately activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but this stereotypic stress response also undergoes experience-dependent adaptation. Despite the biological and clinical importance, how the brain aneural correlate for adaptation of the neuroendocrine stress response. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.KEY POINTS The beneficial effects of sustained or lifelong (>25 years) endurance exercise on cardiovascular structure and exercise function have been largely established in men. The current findings indicate that committed (≥ 4 weekly exercise sessions) lifelong exercise results in substantial benefits in exercise capacity (V̇O2 max), cardiovascular function at submaximal and maximal exercise, le