Juhl Keegan (earlunch1)
The application of pesticides to get more agricultural products is increasing day by day. The use of a huge amount of pesticides raises public concerns about safety. Tetraconazole is a widely used and successful fungicide. Possible toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of different doses of tetraconazole (1.00 mg/L, 5.00 mg/L, and 10.00 mg/L) were evaluated on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. root tips by means of physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. EC50 value for tetraconazole in terms of growth inhibition was calculated as 6.7 mg/L. Increasing doses of tetraconazole resulted in reduced germination ratio, root length, and weight gain. Total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content were increased as a result of oxidative stress. As an evidence of genotoxicity, mitotic index (MI) level decreased, while scores for micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) rose. In addition, various meristematic cell damages were detected in root tips of tetraconazole applied bulbs. As a result, the multiple toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of tetraconazole fungicide were demonstrated through a wide range of parameters on A. cepa, which was found to be a versatile tool for testing hazardous pesticides.Climate change is an emerging reality across the globe effecting the human lives directly and indirectly as well. Agriculture sector is highly exposed to the climate and would be affected to large extent in future. This study probes the impacts of climate change on net revenue of wheat growers across agroclimatic zones of Balochistan. Using multistage sampling procedure, primary data was gathered from sample of 438 wheat farmers across agroclimatic zones of Balochistan. Two seasonal data of years 2018 and 2019 were used along with seasonal climatic data of temperature and rainfall of 2017-2019. Ricardian technique was utilized to investigate the impact of changing climate on net revenue of wheat crop. Results revealed that temperature and rainfall have nonlinear relationships with Net revenue acre-1 of wheat growers. The estimated critical temperature for net revenue maximization was 21 °C. The optimal level of rainfall was 98 mm for net revenue maximization. Forecasting for all zones showed that with increase of 2 °C from the current level could decline net revenue by 8.7% and 3 °C could decrease net revenue by 15%. Zone-wise forecasting showed that increase in warming by 2 °C will adversely affect the net revenue in all zone except IV where net revenue will increase by 10%. Zone II and zone VII will suffer huge losses of 21% and 25%, respectively, of the current net revenue with 2 °C rise temperature. Government and other environmental agencies need to pay close attention to tree plantation in zones II and VII in particular and throughout Balochistan province in general to contain/moderate temperature rise in the future.This study presents a country-specific analysis for three developing countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh) to determine the interaction effect of institutional quality and economic growth along with other control variables (foreign direct investment and renewable energy) on CO2 emissions. This research uses an auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for quarterly data ranging from 1996Q1 to 2016Q4. The findings show that the interaction cause of economic growth and institutional quality on CO2 emissions is not homogeneous in developing countries. In India and Bangladesh, the modifying role of institutional quality is evident to reducing CO2 emissions but in Pakistan, this interacting effect increases CO2 emissions. The findings confirm an inverted U-shaped EKC in Pakistan and Bangladesh but not significant in India. The independent role of GDP and institutional quality significantly reduces CO2 emissions in Pakistan and Bangladesh.The well-known stress vulnerability model of psychosis assumes t
