Foster McLeod (doubleresult26)

05). In the walking variables, the step length difference changes after training between the two groups showed a significant difference (p less then .05). In the experimental group, the step length difference increased after the intervention compared to that before the intervention (+4.55 cm), whereas that of the control group decreased (-1.25 cm). Significance In severe stroke patients, underwater gait training can be effective for improving balancing ability, but it may be less effective on the improvement of gait function than overground walking. Clinical trial registration number KCT0002587 (https//cris.nih.go.kr).Background Human babies are carried by their caregivers during infancy, and the use of ergonomic aids to wear the baby on the body has recently grown in popularity. However, the effects of wearing or holding a baby in-arms on an individual's mechanics during gait and a common object retrieval task are not fully understood. Research question What are the differences in 1) spatiotemporal, lower extremity kinematics, and ground reaction force variables during gait, and 2) technique, center of mass motion, and kinematics during an object retrieval task between holding and wearing an infant mannequin? Methods In this prospective biomechanics study, 10 healthy females performed over-ground walking and an object retrieval task in three conditions, holding (1) nothing (unloaded), (2) an infant mannequin in-arms, and (3) an infant mannequin in a baby carrier. Mechanics were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. Results During gait, greater vertical ground reaction force and impulse and braking force was found during the in-arms and carrier conditions compared to unloaded. Significant but small ( less then 5°) differences were found between conditions in lower extremity kinematics. Increased back extension was found during carrier and in-arms compared to unloaded. Step length was the only spatiotemporal parameter that differed between conditions. During object retrieval, most participants used a squatting technique to retrieve the object from the floor. They maintained a more upright posture, with less trunk flexion and anteroposterior movement of their center of mass, and also did not try to fold forward over their hips during the two loaded conditions. Lower extremity kinematics did not differ between unloaded and carrier, suggesting that babywearing may promote more similar lower extremity mechanics to not carrying anything. Significance Holding or wearing an infant provides a mechanical constraint that impacts the forces and kinematics, which has implications for caregivers' pain and dysfunction.Background Previous studies have reported good test-retest reliability for peak knee adduction moment (KAM) during walking. However, reliability of other KAM measurements has not been established. Research question What is the test-retest reliability of peak KAM, KAM impulse, and KAM loading rate measurements during walking in knee-healthy individuals? Methods Data from 32 knee-healthy participants were analysed in this test-retest reliability study. Various KAM measurements were reported for two sessions with kinematic and kinetic data obtained from a motion capture system synchronised with force plates, with a median of 1 week between sessions. Results For all KAM measures, intra-class correlation coefficients were above 0.90 and their lower bound 95 % confidence limits exceeded 0.81. However, absolute measurement variability differed across measures, with normalized SEM (8 %-15 %), normalized MDC95 (20 %-40 %), intra-session MAD (10 %-18 %), and inter-session MAD (12 %-22 %) varying over a 2-fold range. Overall and first peak KAM, KAM impulse over 50 % stance, and KAM loading rate (15 frame window) showed ≤10 % and ≤15 % intra- and inter-session MAD, respectively. Significance This study provided previously undefined test-retest reliability estimates for various KAM measures during walking. Researchers and clinicians sho