Shepherd Sutherland (dinnermilk3)

Altogether, the review shed light on the pharmacological properties of fraxinellone as an antitumor agent and a natural insecticide.Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is the main destructive insect pest of grain crops that occurs in all maize growing regions of the Americas. It has rapidly invaded the Southern China since January 2019. However, the current status of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda has not been reported in China. In this study, we determined the susceptibility of eight populations of FAW to eight insecticides by an artificial diet incorporation method. The results showed that among eight insecticides, emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, and lufenuron showed higher toxicity to this pest, while lambda-cyhalothrin and azadirachtin exhibited lower toxicity. Susceptibility of S. frugiperda to indoxacarb was significantly different (10.0-fold for LC50) across the various geographic populations. To investigate the biochemical mechanism of FAW to lambda-cyhalothrin, we performed the synergism tests and the results showed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) produced a high synergism of lambda-cyhalothrin effects in the two field populations. Sequencing of the gene encoding the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene in the two field populations identified two amino acid mutations, all of which have been shown previously to confer resistance to organophosphates (OPs) in several arthropod species. The results of this study provided valuable information for choosing alternative insecticides and for insecticide resistance management of S. frugiperda.Resistance to phosphine fumigation has been frequently reported in insect pests of stored products and remains one of the obstacles in controlling these pests, including Tribolium castaneum. In this study, six field populations of T. castaneum were collected from different localities in China. Bioassay data showed that SZ population was strongly resistant to phosphine, followed by moderate-resistance populations WL and SF and three susceptible populations JX, YN, and ML. In addition, synergism assays showed that piperonyl butoxide significantly increased the toxicity of phosphine in resistant population SZ. Furthermore, CYP346B subfamily genes, CYP346B1, CYP346B2, and CYP346B3, were significantly overexpressed in resistant populations. Expression of CYP346B1, CYP346B2, and CYP346B3 were significantly upregulated following exposure to phosphine. RNAi assays showed that depletions on the expression levels of CYP346B1, CYP346B2, and CYP346B3 resulted in an increase of susceptibility to phosphine in T. castaneum, respectively. Our data demonstrated that CYP346B subfamily genes in T. castaneum were associated with the resistance of phosphine. Moreover, the study also increased our understanding of the molecular basis of phosphine resistance in stored pest insects.Sericulture is a very important and flourishing industry in developing countries. Bombyx mori is a kind of important and well-studied economic insects in the whole world. In China, applying of pyriproxyfen pesticide often resulted in non-cocooning and silk yield reduction. click here However, the effects of pyriproxyfen exposure on immune signaling pathway in fat body of silkworm has not been reported yet now. In the present study, we found that the growth and development of silkworm were significantly affected by pyriproxyfen exposure and the fat body tissues were injured after treatment. It was also showed that the expressions of key genes of PI3K/Akt and CncC/Keap1 pathway can be elevated at 24-96 h after pyriproxyfen exposure. Furtherly, the relative expression levels of detoxification enzyme genes and the activities of detoxification enzymes were both increased by pyriproxyfen exposure. These results provided comprehensive view of fat body injury and gene expression changes in silkworm after pyriproxyfen exposure.Imazethapyr (IMZT) is a ty