Banke Enevoldsen (degreeblouse1)

Studying gentle: Foliage spectra get fine-scale variety associated with strongly connected, hybridizing arctic bushes. The Hainan Pygmy Toad Parapelophryne scalpta (Liu Hu) is the single species of the genus Parapelophryne Fei, Ye Jiang in the Family Bufonidae (Frost 2020) and is endemic to China's Hainan Island, which lies within the tropics at 18°09'-20°10'N, 108°37'-111°03'E, with a land area of ca. 33,900 km2. The taxonomy status of this species has obtained much debates since its discovery it was originally described by Liu et al. (1973) as a member of the genus Nectophryne Buchholz Peters then allocated to Pelophryne Barbour by Ye Fei (1978). On the basis of its unique morphological characters, Fei et al. (2003) erected a new genus Parapelophryne to discriminate P. scalpta from other bufonids. Some researchers, however, still listed the species under the genus Pelophryne (Stuart et al. 2008; Shi et al. 2011). Recently, the validity of the genus Parapelophryne is further confirmed by Matsui et al. (2015) on the basis of molecular analyses. Interestingly enough, Matsui et al. (2015)'s result showed that this extremely small-sized toad is a sister taxon of the large-sized toads of the genus Bufo Garsault, which is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Eurasia (Frost 2020). Parapelophryne scalpta is a forest-dependent species and only inhabits in well-preserved evergreen broadleaf forests (Fei Ye 2016). It is the smallest toad species in China with snout-vent length of 19-23 mm in adult males and 24-27 mm in females (Fei Ye 2016). Due to their small size and elusive habits, little is known about the natural history of P. scalpta and its acoustic characteristics are still undocumented (Fei Ye 2016). During a herpetological survey in Hainan in 2015, we luckily detected male calls of P. scalpta and obtained a short but clear record of the advertisement call of the species. Herein, we describe the acoustic characteristics and calling behavior of Parapelophryne scalpta.Two new marine sponges, Haliclona (Reniera) oceanus sp. nov. and Haliclona (Reniera) juckdoensis sp. nov. of the family Chalinidae were collected from Ieodo Ocean Research Station, Ulleung-do Island, Korea by SCUBA in 2016-2017. Morphologically distinct from each other, both species are assigned to the genus Haliclona subgenus Reniera. Haliclona (Reniera) oceanus sp. nov. is similar to H. (H.) ieoensis Kim et al. 2017 in shape, habitat, growth form, but it differs in color, ectosomal, choanosomal skeleton and spicule size. Haliclona (Reniera) juckdoensis sp. nov. is similar to H. (R.) hongdoensis Kang and Sim 2007 in habitat, ectosomal, choansomal skeleton but it differs in spicule size.Two new species of Flintiella Angrisano 1995 are described and illustrated from specimens collected with light traps in the states of Pará and Roraima, northern Brazil. Flintiella serrana sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other species in the genus by the subgenital plate with incised apex, and two pairs of ventral processes. Flintiella triaena sp. nov. is distinctive with no clearly similar congeners and can be distinguished from all known species in the genus by the trident-like subgenital plate in ventral view. Additionally, we record the genus Flintiella for the first time in Roraima State.A new species of Phenacorhamdia is described from Paranapanema River, Upper Paraná River basin, southeastern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of following characters 45-46 vertebrae; an entirely dark-brown body; nine pleural ribs; eight branched rays in upper lobe of caudal fin; seven branched rays in pectoral fin; 13 anal-fin rays with 9-10 branched; first basal radial inserted at the 13th vertebrae and eight branchiostegal rays.During a recreational fishing trip on May 2017 to Isla Montuosa, Pacific coast of Panama (7.467472, -82.266556; 30 m depth), a specimen belon