Hedrick Porter (deercheek4)

Mycobacterial infection of the upper extremities is rare with elbow joint being most frequently affected accounting for 2- to 5 % of all skeletal localizations. Diagnosis is of paramount importance in tuberculosis of elbow because delay in analysis could prime to serious difficulties. We describe a rare presentation of a 38- year- old male with tuberculosis of elbow joint. Massive swelling of forearm with subcutaneous collection without any significant involvement of forearm muscles has rarely been reported. This case will be a significant addition to literature with respect to clinical presentation of elbow tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of elbow along with that of a forearm is rare and surgical intervention can lead to better outcomes in these patients. Tuberculosis of elbow along with that of a forearm is rare and surgical intervention can lead to better outcomes in these patients. Tibial plateau fractures are not uncommon. These fractures occur in bimodal age distribution consisting of 8% of all geriatric fractures. They usually occur as a result of low-energy trauma in the elderly. The management options include closed/open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using screws and plates. The osteosynthetic treatment options cause malreduction, non-union, implant failure in elderly patients due to osteoporosis and this may lead to post-traumatic arthritis, requiring total knee replacement (TKR) as a secondary procedure later. A 76-year-old male patient presented with pain and swelling in the left knee with a history of trauma to the left knee. X-ray of the left knee showed the split fracture of the left lateral tibial condyle with severe Grade 4 osteoarthritis. On examination, tenderness was present over the lateral tibial condyle. We managed with cemented primary TKR using stemmed tibial component. Postoperatively, the patient is having good knee range of motion and having no difficulty in walking and weight-bearing. Functional outcome is good as per Oxford knee score. Primary TKR is a viable alternative treatment option compared to ORIF in elderly patients with preexisting osteoarthritis with tibial condyle fractures. It helps in early mobilization, weight-bearing and avoids secondary surgical procedures. Primary TKR is a viable alternative treatment option compared to ORIF in elderly patients with preexisting osteoarthritis with tibial condyle fractures. It helps in early mobilization, weight-bearing and avoids secondary surgical procedures.The extracellular vesicle (EVs) traffic has been highlighted as a very important pathway of cellular communication. EVs are produced by prokaryotes and eukaryotes organisms and can carry molecules to help maintain homeostasis, responding to general disbalance, infections, and allowing rapid modulation of the immune system. In the context of infection, EVs from both the host and the pathogen have been identified as playing roles in the recruitment of immunological molecules that can lead to the resolution of the infection or the host's defeat. Bacterial vesicles RNA cargo play roles in the host cell by regulating gene expression and modulating immune response. In fungi the RNA molecules present in EVs are diverse and participate in communication between the host and pathogenic fungi. Little is known about how cross-kingdom sRNA trafficking occurs, although in recent years, there has been an increase in studies that relate EV participation in sRNA delivery. This review aims to elucidate and update the reader concerning the role of extracellular vesicles, with emphasis in the RNA content. We describe the EVs during infection from the host point-of-view, as well as the bacteria and fungi pathogens producing EVs that help the establishment of the disease.Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease and an important contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Although the brunt of disease burden is felt by childre