Gill Romero (dealcandle6)

Although visual snow syndrome seems to be a heterogenous condition, our observations indicate that abnormal visual processing within the ventral visual stream may play a role in the pathogenesis of this condition. For future experimental studies or the development of targeted pharmaceutical agents, a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of migraine is of utmost interest. Reliable methods to trigger migraine attacks including aura are desirable to study this complex disease . To investigate hypoxia as a trigger for migraine and aura, we exposed volunteers diagnosed with migraine, with (n = 16) and without aura (n = 14), to hypoxia utilizing a hypoxic chamber adjusted to a FiO of 12.6%. The occurrence of headache, migraine, aura, and accompanying symptoms were registered and vital signs were collected for 6 hours under hypoxia and 2 hours of follow-up. A binary logistic regression analysis examined the probability of triggering headaches, migraines, aura, photo- and phonophobia. Of 30 participants, 24 (80.0%) developed headaches and 19 (63.3%) migraine, five (16.7%) reported aura. Two patients that developed aura never experienced aura symptoms before in their life. The increase of mean heart frequency was higher in patients developing headaches or migraine. Mean SpO during hypoxia was 83.39%. Hypoxia was able to trigger migraine attacks and aura independently of any pharmacological agent. Hypoxia was able to trigger migraine attacks and aura independently of any pharmacological agent. Trigeminal neuralgia is an exemplary neuropathic pain condition characterized by paroxysmal electric-shock-like pain. However, up to 50% of patients also experiences concomitant continuous pain. In this neuroimaging study, we aimed to identify the specific anatomical features of trigeminal nerve root in patients with concomitant continuous pain. We enrolled 73 patients with a definitive diagnosis of classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and 40 healthy participants. The diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia was independently confirmed by two clinicians. Patients were grouped as patients with purely paroxysmal pain (45 patients) and patients also with concomitant continuous pain (28 patients). All participants underwent a structured clinical examination and a 3T MRI with sequences dedicated to the anatomical study of the trigeminal nerve root, including volumetric study. Images analysis was independently performed by two investigators, blinded to any clinical data. In most patients with concomitant co trigeminal second-order neurons. The objective of this study was to report the feasibility and safety of a novel 4-trocar approach for transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the vestibular. In this study, we first used 4 trocars via vestibular area to perform transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy. We reported the safety and surgical feasibility of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy using a 4-trocar technique in our institute from February 1, 2020, to May 10, 2020. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the vestibular approach using 4 trocars was carried out in 5 patients. No complications such as bleeding, mental nerve injury, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, or hypoparathyroidism were reported. All patients were completely satisfied with the cosmetic results. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy with 4 trocars via vestibular approach is an effective and feasible method. Markedly, this technique can assist surgeons to expose and preserve both parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve easily when performing transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy with 4 trocars via vestibular approach is an effective and feasible method. Markedly, this technique can assist surgeons to expose and preserve both parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve easily when performing transor