Brock Batchelor (curlerhorn4)

le participants and increased in male participants. Interpretation Although relative socioeconomic inequalities in uptake of HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa has decreased, absolute inequalities have persisted or increased. Greater priority should be given to socioeconomic equity in assessments of HIV-testing programmes. Funding INSERM-ANRS (France Recherche Nord and Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites).Background Global assessments of antibiotic consumption have relied on pharmaceutical sales data that do not measure individual-level use, and are often unreliable or unavailable for low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). To help fill this evidence gap, we compiled data from national surveys in LMICs in 2005-17 reporting antibiotic use for sick children under the age of 5 years. Methods Based on 132 Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from 73 LMICs, we analysed trends in reported antibiotic use among children under 5 years of age with fever, diarrhoea, or cough with fast or difficult breathing by WHO region, World Bank income classification, and symptom complaint. A logit transformation was used to estimate the outcome using a linear Bayesian regression model. The model included country-level socioeconomic, disease incidence, and health system covariates to generate estimates for country-years with missing values. Findings Across LMICs, reported antibiotic use among sick children under 5 years of age increased from 36·8% (uncertainty interval [UI] 28·8-44·7) in 2005 to 43·1% (33·2-50·5) in 2017. find more Low-income countries had the greatest relative increase; in these countries, reported antibiotic use for sick children under 5 years of age rose 34% during the study period, from 29·6% (21·2-41·1) in 2005 to 39·5% (32·9-47·6) in 2017, although it remained the lowest of any income group throughout the study period. Interpretation We found a limited but steady increase in reported antibiotic use for sick children under 5 years of age across LMICs in 2005-17, although overlapping UIs complicate interpretation. The increase was largely driven by gains in low-income countries. Our study expands the evidence base from LMICs, where strengthening antibiotic consumption and resistance surveillance is a global health priority. Funding Uppsala Antibiotic Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Makerere University, Gothenburg University.In the study by Jacquemin et al., the authors reported that ligands for NKG2D are upregulated in vitiligo perilesional skin and especially in patients with active disease. The reasons for the elevated expression of NKG2D ligands are unknown. This study, however, provides a framework for understanding vitiligo Skin resident CD8 T cells recognize and kill melanocytes through NKG2D signaling. This event results in the increased production and release of cyto/chemokines and the development of long-lasting CD8 T cells, which in turn causes the recruitment of new T cells, thus perpetuating and disseminating the disease.Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare skin disorder involving the skin, hair, and immune system. Pathological manifestations are due to unopposed kallikrein peptidase activity because of a SPINK5 gene deficiency. In their article, Gouin et al. explore the role of kallikrein 14 in the stratum granulosum, defining it as an important player implicated in the pathogenesis of NS hair shaft anomalies.The reversibility of epigenetic alterations makes them the attractive targets for therapeutic discovery; however, their potential remains untapped owing to a lack of mechanistic understanding, particularly for inflammatory skin disorders. Here, Li and colleagues begin to fill these gaps by identifying the loss of the DNA hydroxymethylation mark 5-hmC in psoriasis and presenting compelling evidence for its potential contribution to disease manifestations.Mendelian disorders with cutaneous manifestations comprise a genotypically heterogeneous group of over 1,000