Travis Ashby (crookslash3)

The aim of this study was to explore clinically relevant dissolution specifications for weak acid drugs using an in silico drug absorption model. Loxoprofen sodium and ibuprofen were used as model drugs in this study. An in silico drug absorption model was developed using Stella Professional software and the prediction model accurately represented the plasma concentration profiles of the model drugs following oral administration. Theoretical pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters of the model drugs were predicted using various dissolution rate values in gastrointestinal fluid. This in silico modeling and simulation approach suggests that it is possible to estimate the minimum required dissolution rate for bioequivalence, an example of a clinically relevant dissolution specification. Furthermore, an in vitro dissolution test was conducted for selected drug products of each model drug using paddle apparatus and the results were compared with the clinically relevant dissolution specifications predicted using the in silico simulation.Aligned with efforts to overcome shortcomings of conventional oral dosage forms, mucoadhesive oral thin films have been the focus of drug development. Transmucosal drug delivery through oral cavity is a popular alternative to deliver many drugs due to several advantages over conventional oral delivery including greater bioavailability due to bypassing the first-pass effect and avoiding enzymatic or acid-related degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, faster onset of action, and better patient compliance particularly in geriatric and pediatric patients. Furthermore, among solid transmucosal delivery platforms, buccal and sublingual strips or patches are more attractive due to their flexibility, ease of administration, high patient compliance, and fast dissolution. They are also more stable compared to oral gels making them a desirable candidate to deliver many small and large molecules locally or systemically. Mucoadhesion and mechanical properties of oral films are crucial in their performance, and therefore ways to measure these properties are also similarly important. Since they are relatively new to the pharmaceutical market, there are currently no FDA-recommended or USP standard methods available to characterize such dosage forms. This review intends to cover and discuss various methods cited in the literature to measure and evaluate mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of oral films. To analyze the difference in biofilm formation between carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae based on analysis of mrkH distribution and to further explore the function of mrkH for biofilm formation from the perspective of gene regulation. 40 imipenem-resistant strains and 40 imipenem-sensitive strains were selected to conduct experiments. Carbapenem (imipenem) susceptibility test was performed by the agar-dilution method. bla resistance gene, type 3 fimbriae-related coding genes (mrkA and mrkD) and regulation gene (mrkH) were screened by PCR. Biofilm formation assay was performed using crystal violet staining method in MHB. The relative expression of genes that critically involved in biofilm formation (mrkA, luxS, pgaA) and carbapenem resistance (ompk35, ompk36, acrB) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the mrkH cassette was cloned into pGEM-T Easy plasmid to yield pGEMpmrkH and expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α and K. pneumoniae FK1911, andK. pneumoniae was less likely to have strong biofilm-forming capacity because it does not carry the mrkH gene. Our data demonstrated that MrkH played a crucial role in the regulation of biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae. In contrast to carbapenem-sensitive K. pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was less likely to have strong biofilm-forming capacity because it does not carry the mrkH gene.Kinteoplastid protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania is the pathogen that causes le