Porterfield Maynard (coldvalley9)

This conclusion is beyond the previous predominant view that causal inferences are apt to violate the Markov assumption.The Zurich Specialist Clinic for Adolescent with Gender Dysphoria - Preliminary Follow-up Results The specialist clinic for children and adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD) of the Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich shows an increasing number of referrals since its foundation in 2009. Since 2014 we started an observational study including adolescents aged 13 years and older. At the time of the first appointment (T0) N = 77 participants completed a battery of questionnaires assessing demographic factors, general psychopathology, quality of life as well as gender identity, social transitioning and GD treatment modalities. Few of the adolescents were socially transitioned and had hormone therapy but 77.9 % wished to get hormone therapy. Follow up assessment T1 was performed after at least one year of treatment in our specialist clinic. 51 adolescents completed an online follow-up examination including the same questionnaires and baseline parameters as well as a scale measuring treatment satisfaction. At T0, 77.3 % of the adolescents scored in the clinical range of the Youth Self Report (YSR) total score, which did not decrease significantly until T1 in our preliminary follow up sample. Puberty blocking before T0 correlated negatively with the YSR score, indicating less psychopathology in treated patients. Preliminary longitudinal analysis suggests that social transitioning influences quality of life (Kidscreen subscale autonomy and parental relationship). At T1, 52 % of the adolescents were socially transitioned in all contexts and 70 % received gender affirming hormonal treatment. Gender identity changed between T0 and T1 in about 18 % of the cases. Treatment satisfaction in most cases was high.Therapeutic Models for Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria Overview with Focus on Austrian Treatment Reality Young people whose experienced gender differs from their aligned sex are increasingly visible in public life as well as in the medical care system. BTK inhibitor For those children and adolescents, who can experience a high degree of suffering because of the discrepancy between aligned sex and desired gender, treatment guidelines have been developed. In this short narrative review, classification options, epidemiological data, health-care data and treatment guidelines are presented with an emphasis on the Austrian health care system.Trans-Identity in Minors Basic Ethical Principles for Individual Decision-Making in Healthcare The treatment of minors with gender incongruence has been the subject of controversial discussion for some time. In 2020, the German Ethics Council adopted the ad-hoc recommendation "Trans-identity in children and adolescents Therapeutic Controversies - Ethical Orientations" with the aim of sensitising to the relevant ethically problematic aspects and of setting out orienting guidelines for medical and psychotherapeutic support and treatment. According to the Ethics Council, every person has the constitutional right to lead a life in accordance with one's own gender identity and to be respected in this identity. Healthcare professionals must assess the consequences of treatment as well as the consequences of refraining to provide treatment. All interactions with the child must be designed in such a way that the child can participate in decision-making and is ultimately enabled to give full informed consent. Stigmatisation and discriminatory pathologisation of gender incongruence must be avoided."If One Feels Better Like That …". Adolescent Sibling Relationship in the Context of Transgender Development A transgender development in youth can influence the relationship of concerned youth and their siblings. While in most surveys, the focus lies on transgender adolescents, both sides shall be interviewed here to capture the situation of siblings and to relate the results.