McClanahan Pitts (cinemastate0)

Background Cigarette smoking is known as a gateway drug for illicit drug use in youth. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the college students in Iran. Methods We searched electronic databases including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science, and national databases such as Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex, Medlib, Irandoc, and IranPsych from 1946 to 21st July 2018 without any language restriction using a proper search strategy. We used a random effect model to calculate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking in college students in Iran. Chi-square test and I2 index were used to evaluate the heterogeneity between the studies. We used the meta-regression and subgroup analysis to assess the potential source of heterogeneity. Stata software, version 11 (StataCorp, TX) was used for all statistical analysis. Results We included 60 eligible articles in our study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime was 19% (95%CI 17-22). The I2 index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (I2 =98%, p less then 0.001). The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime in males and females was 28% (95% CI 23-34) and 9% (95% CI 6-13), respectively. In multivariable meta-regression, a significant association was shown between the year of study (β=-13.1, p=0.011) and sampling method (β=-12.8 p=0.017) and daily use in the last month. Conclusions Increasing prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students is an important health priority. Increasing preventive and health education programs are recommended.Background Providing coordinated services and forming appropriate cooperation among the members of the health team have a significant impact on other aspects of service provision, including accessibility and continuity of services. Methods In this study information was obtained from a national study titled, "Evaluation of Primary Health Care in Iran", and framework analysis was conducted from the perspective of interprofessional cooperation status using the Amour model based on 5 underlying concepts of sharing, partnership, power, interdependency, and process. This is a mixed-method study of the transformative sequential type. In this study triangulation method was used, and data were collected by the Primary Care Evaluation Tool (PCET), interviewing experts and executive directors, and systematic review of the Primary Health Care (PHC) challenges in Iran. Results The challenges of the PHC system in Iran are analyzed for providing coordinated care in the form of multidisciplinary teamwork based on the Amour model. The corresponding solutions for improving challenges of the concept are also presented. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study the followings are suggested sharing a collective specialized outlook; designing an integrated information system; improving the educational system through providing on-the-need academic education; strengthening the cooperation of community representatives and people's trustees in providing care; developing interdepartmental partnerships with related organizations with collective interests; moderating the workload of human resources; using electronic health records and automated referral of individuals in addition to appropriate training and promoting the culture from the existing philosophy of primary health care; highlighting the role of service providers as members of the care team; eliminating factors causing instability of suppliers, plans, and programs; and stability in the management approach despite changes in senior management.To learn anatomy, medical students need to look at body structures and manipulate anatomical structures. Simulation-based education is a promising opportunity for the upgrade and sharing of knowledge. The purpose of this review is to investigate the evaluation of virtual technologies in teaching anatomy to medical stud