Munk Cho (casebabies48)

Moreover, the distribution of α7 and α4 nAChR subunits in the left hippocampus was significantly higher than their counterparts in the right (p  less then  .05). From these data, the expression patterns of α7 and α4 nAChR subunits exhibited left-right asymmetry in the developing rat hippocampus. © 2020 International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.Early responses to a neurological excitotoxic process include blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but the long-term effects of excitotoxicity on the BBB properties remain unknown. To assess this, we induced an excitotoxic process on male rats by neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment. At postnatal day (PD) 60, we measured the expression level of structural proteins of the BBB and the VEGF type-2 receptor (VEGFR-2) protein in the cerebral motor cortex (CMC), striatum (STR), hippocampus (Hp), entorhinal cortex (Ent), and hypothalamus (Hyp). We also measured BBB permeability in the same cerebral regions. Neonatal MSG treatment significantly reduced the protein expression level of claudin-5 in the CMC, and of ZO-1 in the CMC and Hp, and increased the expression level of plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein in the CMC, and of VEGFR-2 in all regions except for the Hyp. BBB permeability was significantly higher in all studied regions of MSG-treated animals after hypertonic shock (HS). The increased BBB permeability observed in the MSG-treated animals after HS was reversed by VEGFR-2 inhibition with SU5416. We conclude that neonatal excitotoxicity leads to lasting impairment on BBB properties in adulthood, increasing its susceptibility to HS that could be regulated by VEGFR-2 activity inhibition. © 2020 International Society for Developmental Neuroscience.Arapaima gigas is a giant air-breathing and bony tongue fish from the Amazon basin and a promising species for aquaculture. A. gigas farming industry is still not established because of the lack of information on its reproductive physiology. Reproduction in captivity cannot be manipulated or stimulated, and the identification of males and females in a broodstock is not easy. We aimed to reveal the morphological sex differentiation of pirarucu as studies involving gonad development are essential to understanding the reproductive physiology of any species. We performed histological analysis on the whole body and extracted the gonads of 150 juveniles. The first sign of ovary differentiation is the sex-specific rearrangement of the germ cells. In 9 cm total length females, the germ cells group into nests and are restricted to the lateral face of the gonad, in close contact with the abdomen wall. With further development, this region invaginates and that later develops into ovigerous lamellae. Meiosis starts soon after ovary differentiation. In males, the germ cells are scattered along the elongated differentiating testis at first, and later become more restricted to the central region where the spermatogonial cysts start to develop. Somatic and germ cells are jointly involved in the cellular reorganization during gonadal differentiation, specifically when the germ cells begin to establish new associations during the development of both the germinal epithelium and stroma. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS In Arapaima gigas, the ovary differentiation occurs in 9 cm TL females and it is marked by the rearrangement of germ and somatic cells; and the germ cells entering meiosis with no formation of ovarian cavity; testis differentiation occurs later and meiosis does not start in males smaller than 80 cm TL. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis with a chronic and refractory clinical course that greatly affects the patient's quality of life. Recently, the usefulness of Apremilast has been described in a small case series.1,2 In this study, we sought to assess it in our patients. This article is protected by cop