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and medication adherence. Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is an important citrus disease caused by the sharpshooter-transmitted bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. Information about the efficacy of its disease management is bounded to either inoculum reduction or vector control. This study aimed to assess the role of different frequencies of roguing of symptomatic trees combined with different chemical control programs for the sharpshooters on CVC temporal progress. The experimental area was set up in October 2005 and had a 3 × 3 factorial design. Symptomatic tree removal intervals were every 28, 56, and 112 days to May 2012. Vector control treatments were no control, program A (PA), and program B (PB). Contact insecticides were sprayed every 28 (PA) or 14 (PB) days. Trees within both programs were treated with systemic and foliar insecticides to October 2008. After this, systemic insecticides were discontinued and only foliar treatments were applied. The number of diseased trees and the sharpshooter population were assessed to April 2015. Detection of the first symptomatic trees was similar for all treatments and occurred, on average, in month 50 after planting. Sharpshooter population and cumulative disease incidence were similar for all roguing intervals and between vector control programs, differing in plots with no control. We observed a reduction over 85% in disease incidence for both PA and PB compared with no control. These results support systematic control of sharpshooters as an efficient strategy for reducing CVC progress. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. These results support systematic control of sharpshooters as an efficient strategy for reducing CVC progress. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.Radiation recall dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin, which occurs at previously irradiated areas, usually following a subsequent exposure to an aggravating factor. Recall dermatitis can occur weeks to months after radiation, and the longest duration between radiation and dermatitis has been reported to be about 25 years. Here, we report a case of recurrent radiation recall dermatitis that developed spontaneously after 40 years following radiation for breast cancer. This case suggests that radiation recall dermatitis can occur much later than previously reported. In spite of this late presentation, topical anti-inflammatory agents managed the condition well.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) natural history studies are limited by not knowing the time of infection, small numbers and non-representative populations. No studies are available from the direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) era. We created the largest known cohort of persons with HCV with a known window of seroconversion in the DAA era. We compared the annual cumulative incident events and incidence rate/1000 person-years of follow-up for liver cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mortality from the time of seroconversion among untreated and those treated and attaining a sustained virologic response (SVR). Among 12,881 persons in the final analyses, 10,417 had never been treated for HCV, 2464 (23.6%) were treated with a DAA regimen and 1836 (74.5%) attained SVR. After 9 years of follow-up, cirrhosis was diagnosed in 17.4% of untreated and 13.6% of the SVR group. Overall, 29.5% in the untreated versus 3.5% in the SVR group died. Incidence rates/1000 person-years of follow-up (95% CI) for untreated versus SVR group were 22.7 (21.6, 23.9) versus 19.5 (17.0, 21.9) for cirrhosis (p = 0.03), 0.1 (0.03, 0.2) versus 0.07 (-0.07, 0.2) for HCC (p = 0.74) and 35.4 (34.0, 36.8) versus 4.53 (3.4, 5.7) for mortality (p less then 0.0001). EHop-016 cost After excluding those with alcohol-related diagnoses at baseline, the difference in cirrhosis was not statistically significant. Cirrhosis and mortality occur early and steadily increase over the first decade after acquiring HCV infection, wh