Hodges Ellison (bathcast5)

Hemiparkinsonism slowed response times and reduced response rates, not alleviated by effective DBS. INTERPRETATIONS PD interrupts neural signaling responsible for healthy action selection, not restored by DBS. PD may be associated with a dearth of action commands, manifesting as apathy. Conversely, effective DBS may bias the system toward the impulsive end of the behavioral motivation spectrum without restoring behaviorally reasonable actions, mis-weighting reward-based action selection and manifesting as impulsivity, aided by DBS interfering with stop signaling. Inflammation plays an important role in acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. Recent reports indicate that the inflammatory response triggered by tissue damage is mediated by a multiple-protein complex called the inflammasome. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome complex triggers caspase 1-mediated maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. This study tested the hypothesis that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion activates inflammasomes in the white matter of the brain. To induce cerebral hypoperfusion, C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a sham or bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) operation using microcoils with an internal diameter of 0.18 mm. At 2 and 4 weeks after BCAS, the mice were sacrificed (n = 5 in each group). Coronal sections were stained with anti-NLRP3 and anti-AIM2 antibodies. Activation of the inflammasome and cytokines was assessed using immunohistochemistry and cell counting. IL-18 and IL-1β levels were determined by ELISA. Cell counting revealed an increase in NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes at 2 and 4 weeks after BCAS. Immunoreactivity was observed in glial cells in the white matter and corpus callosum. IL-18 and IL-1β concentrations were significantly increased compared with those in the sham operation group. Expression of NLRP3 and AIM2 was upregulated in glial cells in the autopsied brains of patients with cerebral infarction in the chronic phase. These results suggest that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induces upregulation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes; therefore, inflammasomes may play an important role in the sterile inflammatory response in astrocytes and microglia during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. BACKGROUND Whether the quality and clinical performance of mammograms obtained in vehicles and those obtained in fixed facilities are equal remains unknown. We compared the characteristics of examinees screened in hospital and vehicle settings. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from women who had undergone mammography at Shuang Ho Hospital from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2016, were obtained from the Women's Breast Screening Database and used for analysis. The records revealed that 43,807 and 11,955 women had undergone mammography in vehicle and hospital settings, respectively. The performance benchmarks, including recall rate, cancer detection rate, and positive predictive value, in the 2 settings were compared. In addition, the image quality was compared by reviewing 110 records from each setting. RESULTS The hospital mammograms had greater subtotal mean scores (189.2 ± 5.9) compared with the vehicle mammograms (185.5 ± 7.7; P  less then .0001) in the mediolateral oblique view. Mobile mammography contributed to a lower odds ratio of classification in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categories of 0, 4, and 5. In general, all performance benchmarks, including the cancer detection rate and positive predictive value of mobile and hospital mammography, were satisfactory. However, the recall rate with the hospital mammography service was slightly greater than the acceptable benchmark. CONCLUSION Mobile mammography services should be continued with improvements in image quality. The reduction in the number of patients with a category of 0 in the classification system in both mammography service settings and the enhancement of dat