Mercer Krebs (altolycra56)

Patients with AERD typically demonstrate high levels of proinflammatory eicosanoids including cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and hyporesponsiveness to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). CysLTs are released by mast cells, eosinophils, and adherent platelets and promote epithelial release of IL-33, which activates mast cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in concert with CysLTs. TSLP induces PGD2 release from mast cells which activates and recruits eosinophils, basophils, Th2 cells, and ILC2s via CRTH2. In turn, ILC2s and other cell types produce Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 that, along with CysLTs and PGD2, promote bronchoconstriction, eosinophilic tissue inflammation, and mucus production. The aim of this study was to highlight the phenotypes and endotypes of asthma as a tool for selection of the Food and Drug Administration approved biologic therapies. An evolving concept of asthma has led to the identification of distinct phenotypes and endotypes in this disease. Asthma endotypes are defined as the biological mechanism and are often categorized as T2-high and T2-low based on the influence of T helper type 2 (T2) cells and type 2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13. Biomarkers such as peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count, total IgE, specific IgE and fractional exhaled nitric oxide may be used as indicators of asthma endotypes and help predict response to biologic therapies. Colforsin mouse There are currently five biologic therapies approved as a treatment option for T2-high asthma omalizumab, benralizumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab and dupilumab. Here, we explore the current understandings of asthma endotypes and review their associated phenotypes. We provide practical and evidence-based guidance for clinicians considering a biologic for asthma add-on maintenance therapy. Here, we explore the current understandings of asthma endotypes and review their associated phenotypes. We provide practical and evidence-based guidance for clinicians considering a biologic for asthma add-on maintenance therapy. To describe progressive corneal microcyst-like epithelial changes (MECs) that developed in patients treated with the investigational drug belantamab mafodotin (belamaf) for refractory multiple myeloma (MM). This is a single center case series of patients with MM receiving the investigational drug belamaf. All 12 patients included in this analysis who were treated with belamaf developed MECs that initially appeared in the peripheral cornea and progressed centrally with time. Cessation of therapy resulted in regression of the MECs first in the periphery then centrally. Microcyst-like epithelial changes recurred in all patients on retreatment. With prolonged therapy, eight patients developed corneal staining patterns suggestive of limbal stem cell dysfunction (LSCD). We describe MECs and LSCD associated with systemic administration of belamaf. Further study is needed to determine the etiology and composition of the MECs and the mechanism of limbal stem cell involvement. We describe MECs and LSCD associated with systemic administration of belamaf. Further study is needed to determine the etiology and composition of the MECs and the mechanism of limbal stem cell involvement.A number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidates have shown promising results, but substantial uncertainty remains regarding their effectiveness and global rollout. Boosting innate immunity with bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) or other live attenuated vaccines may also play a role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. BCG has long been known for its nonspecific beneficial effects that are most likely explained by epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, termed trained immunity. In this issue of the JCI, Rivas et al. add to these arguments by showing that BCG-vaccinated hea